Devrim Yücel BESİM, Marco KIESSEL, Asu Tozan KIESSEL

Postmodernist hotel-casino complexes in northern Cyprus

Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta turizm sektöründeki yeni gelişmelerle birlikte mimari yapı da değişimler göstermiştir. 1998’de Türkiye’de alınan kumar yasağı kararından sonra, bölgedeki turizm yatırımları özellikle ‘otel-kumarhane’ komplekslerine kaymış, dolayısıyla bu yapı türlerinin sayısı artmıştır. Birleşmiş Milletler Sekreteri Kofi Annan’ın hazırladığı 2003 tarihindeki birleşme planından sonra kontrolsüzce gelişen yapılaşmayla ‘otelkumarhane’ türü yapılar daha da çoğalmıştır. Özellikle Karpaz / Bafra bölgesinde başlayan tema oteller, kitle turizmine yanıt olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Konuyu üslupsal-semiotik ve mimarlık tarihi açısından ele alan bu çalışma, Kuzey Kıbrıs’taki turizm mimarlığının gelişimi üzerine kurgulanmış; Girne, Lefkoşa, Gazi Mağusa ve Bafra’da inşa edilen ve özellikle postmodern üslupta olan ‘otel-kumarhane’ türü yapılar üzerine odaklanmıştır. Çalışmada sayıları hızla artan bu tür otel yapılarının çoğunlukla son on yıl içinde inşa edildiği ve modernist- Uluslararası Üslup eğilimi barındıranlardan daha fazla sayıda olduğu görülmüştür. Sözü edilen postmodern yapıların çoğunlukla batı kökenli klasik ögelerden oluşan, nadiren de geleneksel Türk mimarisi ögelerini anımsatan ve yansıtan yaklaşımlar içinde oldukları saptanmıştır.

Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta post-modern otel-kumarhane yapıları

Recent developments in tourism strongly affect related architecture in Turkish-Cypriot northern Cyprus. Increased investments are made in hotel-casino complexes since gambling was forbidden in Turkey in 1998, and the investements were directed to Cyprus. With the boom of the construction-sector in the northern part of the divided island which started after the reunion plan of UN-General Secretary Kofi Annan in 2003, the number of hotel-casinos increased. The implementation of concept hotels at Vokolida (Bafra) in the Karpas peninsula, is the answer to the challenges and chances of mass tourism. This historical and stylistic-semiotic study on the developments in hotel architecture in northern Cyprus focuses on hotel-casino complexes which comprise postmodernist buildings, the majority of which has been constructed within the last ten years. Today postmodernist complexes exceed the number of hotel-casinos which have been designed in a modernist attitude, or in “International Style”. Their design rarely refers to traditional Turkish architecture, but mainly to the western classical heritage.

PDF

___

ADANIR, T. (2008) Ortak Vizeden Haberler (News from the Project Approval Office). Mimarca, n: 76, 5-6.
AKURGAL, E. (1987) Griechische und Römische Kunst in der Türkei (Greek and Roman Art in Turkey), Hirmer Verlag, München.
ALTINOLUK, Ü. (ed.) (2001) Oteller, Tatil Köyleri (Hotels, Holiday Villages), Tasarım Yayın Grubu, İstanbul.
ALTUN, S., UÇAR, A., CENGİZ KAYNAKÇI, E. (2005) Turizm Mimarlığında Temalı Oteller (Concept Hotels in Tourism Architecture), Alanya Mağusa Sempozyum Bildirileri, Kıbrıs Mimarlar Odası, Lefkoşa; 185-93.
ANON. (2005) 2003 Oteller Tüzüğü (Regulations for Hotels), Turizm Planlama Dairesi, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus.
ANON. (2007) Yatırımlar Sürüyor, Yatak Kapasitesi İkiye Katlandı ama, KKTC’de Turizm Hala Kumarhanelere Endeksli (Investments Continue, Bed Capacity is Multiplied, but Tourism in North Cyprus Still Depends on Casinos), Resort Aylık Turizm ve Seyahat Dergisi, n: 54.
BOARDMAN, J. (1993) Griechische Plastik, Die Klassische Zeit (Greek Sculpture: The Classical Period) Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, n: 35, Philipp von Zabern Verlag, Mainz.
BOARDMAN, J. (1995) Greek Sculpture, The Late Classical Period, Thames and Hudson, London.
BORNGÄSSER, B. (1998) Architektur der Gotik in Italien (Gothic Architecture in Italy), in R. Toman, ed., Die Kunst der Gotik, Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln; 242-261; 265.
BOZDOĞAN, S., ed. (1987) Sedad Eldem, Architect in Turkey, Concept Media, Singapore.
CURTIS, W.J.R. (1987) Modern Architecture since 1900, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,New Jersey.
ÇİNİCİ, B. (1999) Improvisation, Mimarlıkta Doğaçlama, Boyut Matbaacılık, İstanbul.
DOWLING, E. M. (2004) New Classicism, the Rebirth of Traditional Architecture, Rizzoli, New York.
ENLART, C. (1987; Eng. ed. of the French original from 1899) Gothic Art and the Renaissance in Cyprus, Trigraph Limited, London.
GIERLICHS, J. (2005) Anatolische Seldschuken (Anatolian Seljuks. History and Architecture), Geschichte und Architektur. In M. Hattstein, P. Delius, Islam: Kunst und Architektur (Islam: Art and Architecture), Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln; 370-81.
HENDERSON, J. (1999) Casino Design, Resorts, Hotels and Themed Entertainment Spaces, Quarry Books, Gloucester.
İNANÇOĞLU, E. (1995) Tourism in North Cyprus, Master Thesis, NEU, Nicosia, 3-37.
INTERVIEW (2008 a) Chamber of Turkish Cypriot Architects, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus. http://www.mimarlarodasi.org.
INTERVIEW (2008 b) Ministry of Economy and Tourism, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus. http://www.ekonomiveturizmbakanligi.com.
JENCKS, C. (1987) Die Postmoderne: Der neue Klassizismus in Kunst und Architektur (Postmodernism: The new Classicism in Art and Architecture), Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart.
JENCKS, C. (1989) What is Postmodernism?, Academy Editions, London.
JENCKS, C. (1991) The Language of Postmodern Architecture, Rizzoli, London.
KÄHLER, G. (1981) Architektur als Symbolverfall: Das Dampfermotiv in der Baukunst (Architecture as Decay of Symbolism: The motif of the Ocean Liner in the Art of Building), Bauwelt Fundamente, v: 59. Vieweg, Wiesbaden:.
KESHISHIAN. K. (1985) Famagusta, Town and District, Cyprus, A Survey of its People and Places from Ancient Times, Zavallis Press Ltd, Nicosia.
KHAN, H.-U. (1998) International Style: Architektur der Moderne von 1925- 1965 (International Style: Modern Architecture 1925-1965), Taschen, Köln.
KIESSEL, M., BESİM D., TOZAN A. (2008) Postmodern Architecture in North Cyprus, paper presented at the International Semiotic Congress “Living in between-being in between”, Girne American University, Kyrenia (Girne), 25.04-27.04.2008 (forthcoming as Postmodernist Architecture in Northern Cyprus).
KLUCKERT, E. (1998) Baroque Architecture in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Eastern Europe, in R. Toman, ed., Baroque: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln; 184-273.
KRIER, L. (1990) The Blind Spot, in A. Papadakis, H. Watson, New Classicism: Omnibus Volume, Academy Editions, London; 33-5.
KRIER, L. (1998) Architecture: Choice or Fate, Andreas Papadakis Publisher, Singapore.
KÜÇÜKERMAN, Ö. (1991) Turkish House: In Search of Spatial Identity, Temel Matbaacılık, İstanbul.
MCLEAN, A. (1994). Renaissance Architecture in Florence and Central Italy, in R. Toman, ed., The Art of the Italian Renaisssance: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Drawing, Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln; 98- 129.
MURRAY, P. (1980) Die Architektur der Renaissance in Italien (Architecture of the Renaissance in Italy, German edition of the English original) Gerd Hatje Verlag, Stuttgart.
PAPADAKIS, A., WATSON, H. (Ed.) (1990) New Classicism, Omnibus Volume, Academy Editions, London.
PEHNT, W. (1994) Turm und Höhle (Tower and Cave), in V. M. Lampugnani, R. Schneider ed., Moderne Architektur in Deutschland 1900 bis 1950: Expressionismus und Neue Sachlichkeit (Modern Architecture in Germany 1900 to 1950: Expressionism and New Objectivity), Gerd Hatje, Stuttgart; 51-67.
REPORT 1 (2008) Ministry of Economy and Tourism, Table 33: Tourism and TRNC Economy (1998-2007) Last update: 22-05-2008. http:// www.ekonomiveturizmbakanligi.com/upload/pdf/2008.05.22_20- 33-10Tablo_33_turizmin_kktc_ekonomisindeki_yeri.pdf
REPORT 2 (2007) Ministry of Economy and Tourism, Table: List of Casinos in northern Cyprus. Last update: 22-09-2007. http://www. ekonomiveturizmbakanligi. com/upload/pdf/2007.09.21_11-29- 48CASINOLAR_Listesi.pdf
REPORT 3 (2008) Ministry of Economy and Tourism, Table 27: Number of Tourists, Bednights, Average Length of Stay and Occupancy Rate in All Accomodation Establishments by Years in Turkey, Foreign and TRNC (1998-2007) Last update: 22-05-2008. http://www. ekonomiveturizmbakanligi.com/upload/pdf/2008.05.22_19-27- 10(Tum_Tesisler-Tablo-24-27.pdf
REPORT 4 (2008) Ministry of Economy and Tourism, Table 8: Number of Accommodation Establishments and Beds by Regions and Categories (2007); Table 9: Number of Tourist Accommodation Establishments and Beds by Years and Categories (1998-2007); Table 10: Tourist Accommodation Establishments by Regions and Categories - in alphabetic order (2007). Last update: 22-05- 2008. http://www.ekonomiveturizmbakanligi.com/upload/ pdf/2008.05.22_20-29-58Tablo_8-10_Yatak_Kapasitesi.pdf
REPORT 5 (2009) Ministry of Economy and Tourism, Table: Şubat 2009 Faaliyette Olan Turistik Tesislerin Sınıflarına Göre Dağılımı ve Yatak Kapasitesi. Last update: 13-03-2009. http://www. ekonomiveturizmbakanligi.com/upload/pdf/2009.03.13_09-36- 42Faaliyette-Olan-Oteller-Listesi.pdf
RÜSTEM, K. and BRO. (1960) A Pocket Guide to Cyprus, Holland, 9; 91-92.
SARAÇOĞLU, D. (1984) Saray Otel (Saray Hotel), Yenidüzen Gazetesi,; 6-7.
STERN, R.A.M. (1990) Moderner Klassizismus. Entwicklung und Verbreitung der klassischen Tradition von der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart (Modern Classicism. Development and Distribution of the classical Tradition from the Renaissance to the Presence), DVA, Stuttgart.
STIERLIN, H. (1996) The Roman Empire: From the Etruscans to the Decline of the Roman Empire, Taschen; Köln.
SYRING, E., KIRSCHENMANN, J.C. (2004) Scharoun, Taschen, Köln.
Turizm Yapıları (1994), YEM Yayın, İstanbul.
VENTURI, R., (ed.) (1977) Learning from Las Vegas, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass. London:.
YERASIMOS, S. (2000) Konstantinopel: Istanbuls Historisches Erbe (Constantinople: The Heritage of Istanbul), Könemann, Köln.
YÜCEL, A. (2005). Pluralism Takes Command: The Turkish Architectural Scene Today, in Holod, Evin, Özkan, eds. (2005). Modern Turkish Architecture, Chamber of Architects of Turkey Publications, Ankara; 19-152.