Assyrians, Phoenicians, Cypriots and Greeks: The Co-Existence of Foreign Cultural Influences in the Çukurova Plain During the Iron Age

Demir Çağı Kilikia’sının en dikkat çekici özelliklerinden birisi, dış etkenlerin yerel unsurlara etkisinin başlangıcı ve devamıdır. Arkeolojik veriler ile tarihsel ve filolojik dökümanların analizi herbir farklı unsurun tanımlanması ve Çukurova düzlüğünün geniş çaplı ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi için vazgeçilmezdir. Dış etkenlerin Kilikia’daki tarihi süreci, kökeni ve olası yayılım şekli, ayrıca yerel kontekste (yabancı ürünlerin ithal edilişi, yerel taklitleri, kısa süreçli ilişkileri gibi) etkisinin oranı ortaya konulabilir. Sonuç olarak bütün bu unsurların değerlendirmesi Assur, Fenike, Kıbrıs ve Yunan unsurlarının, Kilikia’nın batı ve doğu bölgelerindeki eş zamanlı ilişkilerini ve bu farklı etkilerin diakronik gelişmelerini açığa çıkartır. Dışilişkiler ağını dikkate aldığımızda, Geç Bronz Çağından Demir Çağında giden süreçte ilginç bazı dönüm noktalarını özellikle ortaya koymak mümkündür: Mopsos hanedanlığının varlığı ve merkezi Ovalık Kilikia’nın TE IIIC dönemi; Que’nin Neo-Hitit devleti ve dış bölgelerle, özellikle Porsuk bölgesi ile ilk ilişkileri; Assur etkisi; Fenike ve Yunan varlığı ve ticareti; Çukurova düzlüğünde son Neo-Babil ve Pers etkisi.

The incidence and development of external elements on the local background marks one of the most distinctive features of Iron Age Cilicia. The analysis of the archaeological records and of the historical and philological documents is crucial for the identification of each different element, and to outline the wide range of relations which the Çukurova plain is involved in, during this key-period of its history. The date, origin and possibly the way of transfer of these external elements inside Cilicia can be sorted out as well as the degree of incidence on the local context (importation vs. local imitation of foreign products, sporadic contacts vs. reiterated relations). The evaluation of all these features can at last clarify the synchronic relation among Assyrian, Phoenician, Cypriot and Greek elements in the western and in the eastern regions of the Çukurova, as well as the diachronic development of these different influences in both regions. Considering the external relations frame, it is possible to sort out some interesting turning points from Late Bronze to Iron Age periods, in particular: the naissance of the Mopsos dynasty and the TE IIIC phase in Cilician central plain; The Neo-Hittite state of Que and its first relations with the external areas, mainly with the northern area of Porsuk; the Assyrian impact; the Phoenician and the Greek trades and presence; The last Neo-Babylonian and Persian impact on the Çukurova plain.

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