This introduction begins with outlining the subject in question in this special issue. It draws attention to four aspects of this transition; external dimension which focuses on international politics of 19th century within which the Ottoman Empire operated and the linkage between external and domestic forces. This is followed by a broader picture of the world order after WWI, indicating that the three proposals competed against one another. The third of the main themes is the War of Liberation in Turkey, which succeeded in declaration of the independence and sovereignty and was recognized at international level in July 1923. This is the first aspect of the double revolution. The fourth of the themes is about the power struggle within the military-civil bureaucrats, who collectively rose to power however soon there occurred friction on several issues and that ended up with the victory of the Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his closest friends and thus a new avenue was opened up for implementation of some radical economic and social reforms for modernization of Turkey. This is the domestic aspect of the double revolution. Having outlined the core themes of the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic, second part of the introduction is devoted to the contributions of each of the articles.