Çağdaş tarım sorunu ve yeni köylülük

Çağdaş kapitalizmin hızlı dönüşümünün 1970'li ve 1980'li yıllarda Marksist ve Marksist olmayan çevrelerdeki "Tarım Sorunu" tartışmalarının geçerliliğini kuşkulu hale getirdiği yargısından hareket eden bu yazı "üretim ilişkileri" ve "köylülüğün direnişi" kuramlarının ötesine geçmek iddiasındadır. Bu yaklaşımların yetersizliğinin temelinde, üretim ilişkileri kuramının ulus devleti, Chayanov'dan esinlenen köylülüğün direnci kuramının da köylü hanesini analiz birimi olarak alması yatmaktadır. Azgelişmiş ülkelerin tarımları uluslararası sermaye, devletler, Dünya Ticaret Örgütü, İMF ve Dünya Bankası gibi uluslararası örgütlerin denetiminde küresel ekonomi ile geri dönülmez bir şekilde bütünleşmiştir.. Bu bağlamda sermayenin tarım üreticilerini doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak denetim altına alma mekanizmalarını irdeleyen bu makale, "gıda rejimleri" kuramını kullanarak uluslararası şirketlerin kontrolünde ortaya çıkan küresel gıda zincirlerine özel bir vurgu yapmaktadır. 1990'lardan itibaren üçüncü gıda rejimi hegemonyasında şekillenen Türkiye tarımından beklenen rol giderek artan bir şekilde geleneksel ürünlerden uzaklaşıp küresel sermayenin istediği ürünlerde uzmanlaşmasıdır. Türk tarımının ürün deseni, girdiler, tohumlar ve pazar açısından çok uluslu şirketlere bağımlılaştırılmasında önemli rol oynayan devlet politikaları ve uluslararası örgütler makalede merkezi bir yer tutmaktadır.

Contemporary agrarian question and the new peasantry

Many Marxist and non-Marxist writers have been involved in the discussion of the Agrarian Question which is mainly concerned with the fate of the peasantry in the aftermath of the industrial revolution. Such discussions had found reverberations in Turkey in the 1970s and 1980s. The main focal point in such discussions was the extent to which widespread peasant production would constitute an impediment for the development of capitalism. Despite many significant differences among various Marxist and non-Marxist explanations one common denominator was the belief that the peasantry was doomed to disappear in the face of development of capitalism or modernisation. However the opposite camp inspired by the writings of the Russian economist A V Chayanov insisted on the capability of the peasantry to survive. In analysing contemporary nature of rural transformation this article goes beyond the modes of production and the survival mentality of the peasantry debate by highlighting the falsity of the debate. It proposes a change in the unit of analysis to go beyond the impasse reached in the debate between the dissolution and survival of the peasantry supporters. Once the global system is taken as the unit of analysis then explanations provided by the mode of production supporters and by contemporary Chayanovians become of little analytical value. The article contends that explanations confined to nation state or peasant household are far from being able to capture the complexities of contemporary rural transformations. What is required is to analyse the mechanisms of the integrations of rural producers, regardless of the size of the holdings, into the globalised web of capital accumulation. In questioning the ways in which capital subordinates rural producers globally the article analyses the process of the generalised commodity production and the emergence of globalised food chains controlled by transnational companies. It pays a specific attention to the third food regime that has emerged in the 1990s and has established its hegemony in global agriculture. It claims that multilateral organisations such as the World Bank, the IMF and the World Trade Organisation as the most significant actors in the process have been extremely instrumental in the entrenchment of the third food regime which has carved out a special niche for developing countries.

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