Rusya-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri ve Enerji Şartı

Doğal gaz ve elektrik enerjisinin iletim hatlarından transit geçişine yönelik hukuki rejimlerin kurulması, ilgili devletler nezdinde enerji tedariğinin güvenliği ve rekabetçi enerji piyasalarının kurulması açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Uluslararası hukuk nezdinde enerji transitinin bir çözüme kavuşturulamamış olması, uluslararası hukukun temel aktörleri devletlerin ikili ve çoklu anlaşmalar yoluyla bu soruna eğilmesi neticesini doğurmuş olsa da, bu tür alternatif yolların, uyuşmazlıkların giderilmesi konusundaki başarısızlıkları, tecrübe edilen uluslararası krizler bağlamında açık bir şekilde görünmektedir. 1994 Enerji Şartı Anlaşması, özellikle enerji transitine yönelik olarak bünyesinde bulundurduğu 7. Madde uyarısınca, bu tür sorunların uluslararası boyutta ilk olarak ele alındığı bir hukuki rejim ön görmüştür. Fakat 2000’li yıllarda ard arda gerçekleşen enerji krizleri ve enerji şartının bu krizlerin önüne geçme konusundaki başarısızlığı, akademik camiada ve üye devletler nezdinde Şartın etkinliği ve gerekliliği konusunda çok ciddi eleştirilerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. İş bu çalışma, bu eleştirilerin ortaya çıkmasının nedenleri ve Enerji Şartının enerji alanında ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıklara ilişkin önceliklerini YUKOS davası ve 2009 doğal gaz krizi nezdinde detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

nergy Charter Treaty, Gazprom, EU, YUKOS, Russia, Nabucco, Nord Stream, South Stream, Turkish Stream, Energy Security, Gas Crisis, Energy Transit, Fixed Infrastructure, GATT, WTO, Freedom of Transit

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