Kapitalizmin Yeni/Yenilenen Akıl Oyunu: Küresel Şirketlerin Etiksel Ütopyaları

ÖzetBu çalışmada, kapitalizmin başlangıç evresinden şirket kapitalizmine evrilişi ve küreselşirketlerin “etiksel ütopyaları” kapsamında sosyal sorumluluk anlayışı ele alınmaktadır.Özellikle kapitalizmin, içinde yaşanılan dünyayı yaratıp, insan ilişkilerini düzenleyerek, insandoğası üzerinde nasıl hâkimiyet kurduğu ve aynı zamanda küresel şirketlerin gelecekte hiçbirşeyin kendilerini rahatsız etmeyeceği bir dünya düzeni kurmaya yönelik çabaları geçmiştengünümüze gelişim evreleriyle ortaya konulmuştur. Şirket kapitalizminin eylemleri yansıtmaşekli ve iki yönlü işleyişi yani hem etiksel şirket ideolojisinin yeniden üretilmesi hem demeta-etik ikilem olarak sosyal sorumluluk çalışmalarına yönlenilmesi sistem yaklaşımıylaiçeriklendirilip detaylı olarak incelenmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Kapitalizm ve Şirket Kapitalizmi, Etiksel Ütopya, Sosyal Sorumluluk,Küresel Şirket Vatandaşlığı, Yumuşak Sistem Düşüncesi. AbstractIn this study, the social responsibility conception from the initial phases of capitalism toits evolution to the company capitalism and the “ethical utopias” of the companies are handledwith. Especially, how capitalism reigns over human nature by creating the word in whichhuman begins live, and by coordinating human relationships and at the same time, the strugglesof the global companies to create a world-system in which nothing else would disturb them aredisplayed from the past to our times with all of their development stages. The way the companycapitalism reflects actions and its running in two directions which mean the reproduction of theethical company ideology and also its concentration on the social responsibility activities as ameta-ethical dilemma are based on the system approach and are analyzed in detail.Keywords: Capitalism and Corporate Capitalism, Ethical Utopia, Social Responsibility,Global Corporate Citizenship, Soft System Thinking.

New Renewed Mind Games of Capitalism: Ethical Utopia of Global Corporation

___

  • Ackoff, RL. (1981), Creating The Corporate Future, New York: John Wiley&Sons.
  • Adorno, T. W. (2009), Kültür Endüstrisi [çev. Nihat Ünler, Mustafa Tüzel, Elçin Gen], İstanbul: İletişim Ya. No. 1251/12.
  • Agle, B. R., Mitchell, R. K., Sonnenfeld, J. A. (1999), “Who Matters to CEOs? An Investigation of Stakeholder Attributes and Salience, Corporate Performance, and CEO Values”, Academy of Management Journal, 42, s. 507-525.
  • Albert, M. (1992), Kapitalizme Karşı Kapitalizm [çev. Cemil Oktay, Hüsnü Dilli], İstanbul: Afa Ya. No. 17/218, s. 2-55.
  • Althusser, L.(2008), Yeniden Üretim Üzerine [çev. Işık Ergüden, Alp Tümertekin], İstanbul: İthaki Ya. No.340/59.
  • Arias, A. O. (2008), “An Interpretive Systemic Appraisal of Corporate Social Responsibility and Learning”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 25, s. 361-370.
  • Bağce, E. [Ed.] (2006), Frankfurt Okulu, Ankara: DoğuBatı Ya.
  • Banerjee, S. B. (2007), “A Critical Perspective on Corporate Socıal Responsibility: Towards A Global Governance Framework”, [Working Paper], College of Business University of Western Sydney http:// group.aomonline.org/cms/Meetings/Los_Angeles/.../Banerjee.pdf.
  • Bauman, Z. (1996), Postmodern Etik [çev. Alev Türker], İstanbul: Ayrıntı Ya. No. 204/112.
  • Beaud, M. (2003), Kapitalizmin Tarihi [çev. Fikret Başkaya], Ankara: Dost Ya.
  • Bernauer, J. W.(2005), Foucault’nun Özgürlük Serüveni [çev. İsmail Türkmen], İstanbul: Ayrıntı Ya. No. 465/205.
  • Bewes, T. (2004), Şeyleşme [çev. Deniz Soysal], İstanbul. Metis Ya. Bies, R.J., Bartunek, J.M., Fort, T.L., Zald, M.N. (2007), “Corporations as Social Change Agents: Individual, Interpersonal, Institutional, and Environmental Dynamics”, Academy of Management Review, 32, s. 788-793.
  • Block, E. (2007), Umut İlkesi [çev. Tanıl Bora], İstanbul: İletişim Ya. No. 1269/62. Blowfield, M., Frynas, J.G. (2005), “Setting New Agendas: Critical Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility in The Developing World”, International Affairs, 81, 3, s. 499-513.
  • Boltanski, L., Chiapello, E. (2002), “The New Spirit of Capitalism”, Chiacgo, Paper to be presented to the Conference of Europeanists, (March), s. 14-16.
  • Borotav, K. (2000), Yeni Dünya Düzeni Nereye, Ankara: İmge Ya.
  • Bremmer, I. (2010), The End of The Free Market: Who Wins The War Between States and Corporation, USA: Penguin Group.
  • Brooks, R. E. (2003), The New Imperialism: Violence, Norms and the Rule of Law, [Working Paper No. 03-20 December].
  • Broomhill, R. (2007), “Corporate Social Responsibility: Key Issues and Debates”, Don Dunstan Foundation for The Dunstan Papers Series No. 1, Australia, s. 5.
  • Carroll, A. B. (1991), “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward The Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders”, Business Horizons, 34, 4, s. 39-48. 324 mülkiye 2010 Cilt: XXXIV Sayı:268
  • Carroll, A. B. (1999), “Corporate Social Responsibility-Evolution of A Definitional Construct”, Business & Society, 38, 3, s. 268-295.
  • Carroll, A.B. (1979), “A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance”, Academy of Management Review, 4, 4, s. 497-505.
  • Castree, N. (2009), “The Spatio-temporality of Capitalism”, Time & Society, 18, 1, s. 26-61.
  • Chaput, C. (2008), Inside The Teaching Machine: Rhetoric and The Globalization of U.S. Public Reseach University, USA: University of Alabama Pres.
  • Checkland, P. (1981), Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, Chichester: Wiley.
  • Checkland, P.B. (2010), “Researching Real-Life: Reflections on 30 Years of Action”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 27, s. 129-132.
  • Chuah, S.H. (2003), “Anthropology and Economic Imperialism: The Battlefield of Culture”, htpp:// www. ideas.repec.org/p/nom/occasi/3.html
  • Ciaramicoli, A.P; Ketcham, K. (2000), The Power of Empathy: A Practical Guide to Creating Intimacy, Self-Understanding and Love, New York: Dutton.
  • Commission of The European Communities (2001), European Basic Conditions for The Social Responsibility of Companies, [Green Paper] Brussels, s. 5-6.
  • Crehan, K. (2006), Gramsci Kültür Antropoloji [çev. Ümit Aydoğmuş], İstanbul: Kalkedon Ya.
  • Dongping, F. (2010), “The Tension Between Holism and Pluralism: Comment on Creative Holism”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 27, s. 200-207.
  • Erdoğan, İ. (2000), Kapitalizm, Kalkınma, Postmodernizm ve İletişim, Ankara: Kardelen Ofset.
  • Ferro, M. (2002), Sömürgecilik Tarihi [çev. Muna Cedden], Ankara: İmge Kitapevi Ya.
  • Flood, R. L. (1999). Rethinking Fifth Discipline: Learning Within The Unknowable, Florence, KY: Routledge.
  • Flood, R.L, Jackson, M.C. (1991), Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention, Chichester: Wiley.
  • Foucault, M. (2000), Özne ve İktidar [çev. Ferda Keskin], İstanbul: Ayrıntı Ya. No. 307/2.
  • Freeman, R. E., Gilbert, D. R. Jr. (1988), Corporate Strategy and The Search for Ethics, NJ: PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs.
  • Freeman, R.E., Gilbert, D.R. Jr. (1992), “Business, Ethics and Society: A Critical Agenda”, Business & Society, 31, l, s. 9-17.
  • Garten, J. E (2002), “Globalism wihthout Tears: A New Social Compact for CEOs”, Strategy+Business, 29, s. 2-10.
  • Gharajedaghi, J. (1999), Systems Thinking: Managing Chaos and Complexity, Boston: ButterworthHeinemann.
  • Giddens, A. (2000), Sosyoloji, [çev. Hüseyin Özel ve diğerleri], Ankara: Ayraç Ya.
  • Habermas, J. (1993), Remarks on Discourse Ethics. In Habermas, J., Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Pres, s. 19-111.
  • Habermas, J. (1996), Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. mülkiye 2010 Cilt: XXXIV Sayı:268 325
  • Habermas, J. (2007). İdeoloji Olarak Teknik ve Bilim [çev. Mustafa Tüzel], İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Ya.
  • Habermas, J. (2008), Küreselleşme ve Milli Devletlerin Akıbeti [çev, Medeni Beyaztaş], İstanbul: Bakış Ya.
  • Hafez, K. (2007), The Myth of Media Globalization, Cambridge: Polity. Hardt, M., Negri A. (2000), İmparatorluk [çev. Abdullah Yılmaz], İstanbul: Ayrıntı Ya. No. 337/6.
  • Harvey, D. (2003), The New Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Harvey, D. (2008), Umut Mekânları [çev. Zeynep Gambetti], İstanbul: Metis Ya. Hejeebu, S., McCloskey, D. (2004) “Polanyi and The History of Capitalism: Rejoinder to Blyth”, Critical Review, 16 (1), s. 135-142.
  • Hobsbawn, E. (2005), Devrim Çağı: 1789-1848 [çev. Bahadır Sina Şener], Ankara: Dost Ya.
  • Huaxia, Z. (2010), “Soft Systems Methodology and ‘Soft’ Philosophy of Science”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 27, s. 156-170.
  • Işıklı, A. (2009), Yeni Ortaçağ, İstanbul: İmge Kitapevi Ya.
  • Jackson, M.C. (2006), “Creative holism: a critical systems Approach to Complex Problem Situations”, Systems Research and Behavioural Science, 23, s. 647–657.
  • Jameson, F. (2006), Marksizm ve Biçim [çev. Mehmet H.Doğan], İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Ya. No. 755/26.
  • Jameson, F. (2009), Ütopya Denen Arzu [çev. Ferit Burak Aydar], İstanbul: Metis Ya.
  • Jessop, B. (2007), “Knowledge as a Fictitious Commodity: Insights and Limits of a Polanyian Perspective” (First Draft), http://www.dime-eu.org/files/active/1/Jessop2.pdf.
  • Klein, S. (2003), “The Natural Roots of Capitalism and Its Virtues and Values”, Journal of Business Ethics, 45, s. 387-401.
  • Kleiner, A. (2010), “Surviving State Capitalism”, Strategy+Business, 59 (Summer), s. 1-3.
  • Kotler P., Lee, N. (2006), Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk [Çev. Sibel Kaçamak], İstanbul: MediaCat Ya. Kumar, K. (2006), Modern Zamanlarda Ütopya ve Karşıütopya [çev. Ali Galip], İstanbul: Kalkedon Ya. Adonis Kitaplığı No.1.
  • Laszlo, A. L., Kathia C., Dunsky, H. (2010), “Redefining Success: Designing Systemic Sustainable Strategies”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 27, s. 3-21.
  • Lipartito, K. (2001), “The Utopian Corporation”, http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu /history/yeager/lipartito. pdf.
  • Lobel, O. (2006), “Sustainable Capitalism or Ethical Transnationalism Offshore Production and Economic Development”, Research Paper No. 07-35, s. 1-7.
  • Maalouf, A. (2009), Çivisi Çıkmış Dünya: Uygarlıklarımız Tükendiğinde [çev. Orçun Türkay], İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Ya. No. 2914/874.
  • Marx, K. (1992), Kapital [çev. Alaattin Bilgi], Ankara: Sol Ya., Şahin Matbaa.
  • Mattelart, A. (1995), Beyin İğfal Şebekesi [çev.Işın Gürbüz], İstanbul: Ayrıntı Ya. No. 108/56, s. 266- 284.
  • Mattelart, A. (2005), Gezegensel Ütopya Tarihi [çev. Şule Çiltaş], İstanbul: Ayrıntı Ya. No. 475/210. 326 mülkiye 2010 Cilt: XXXIV Sayı:268
  • McNeill W. H. (2008), Dünya Tarihi [çev. Alâeddin Şenel], Ankara: İmge Ya.
  • Min-Dong, P. (2008), “A Review of The Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility: Its Evolutionary Path and The Road Ahead”, International Journal of Management Review, 10, 1, s. 53-73.
  • Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., Wood, D. J. (1997), “Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts”, Academy of Management Journal, 22, 4, s. 853-886.
  • Nye, S. J. (2002). The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower can’t Go It Alone, New. York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, S. J. (2004), Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs.
  • O’connor, J., Mcdermott, I. (1997), The Art of Systems Thinking, San Francisco: Thorsons.
  • Palazzo, G., Scherer, A. G. (2008), The Future Of Global Corporate Citizenship: Towards A New Theory of The Firm as A Political Actor, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Cheltenham, s. 577-590.
  • Porter, T. B. (2008), “Managerial Applications of Corporate Social Responsibility and Systems Thinking for Achieving Sustainability Outcomes”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 25, s. 397-411.
  • Prieto-Carrón, M. ve diğerleri (2006), “Critical Perspectives on CSR and Development: What We Know, What We don’t Know, and What We Need to Know”, International Affairs, 82, 5, s. 977-987.
  • Postman, N. (2004), Televizyon Öldüren Eğlence [çev. Osman Akınhay], İstanbul: Ayrıntı Ya. No. 87/45.
  • Reynolds, M. (2003), “Social and Ecological Responsibility: A Critical Systemic Perspective” http:// www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/ejrot/cmsconference/2003/.../Reynolds.pdf
  • Scherer, A.G., Palazzo, G., Baumann, D. (2006), “Global Rules and Private Actors: Towards A New Role of The TNC in Global Governance”, Business Ethics Quarterly, 16, s. 505-532.
  • Schiller, H. (1993), Zihin Yönlendirenler [çev. Cevdet Cerit], İstanbul: Pınar Ya. No. 71. Schwartz, M. S., Carroll, A., B. (2008), “Integrating and Unifying Competing and Complementary Frameworks”, Business & Society, 47, 2 (June), s. 148-186.
  • Screpanti, E. (1999), “Capitalist Forms and The Essence of Capitalism”, Review of International Political Economy, 6, 1(Spring), s. 1-26.
  • Senge, P. M. (2004), Beşinci Disiplin [çev. Ayşegül İldeniz, Ahmet Doğukan], İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Ya.
  • Sönmez, V. (2002), “Küreselleşmenin Felsefi Temelleri”, Eğitim Araştırmaları, 6, s. 1-11.
  • Stathakis, G. (2008), “Imperialism: Old and New Theories”, International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 1, 1, s. 100-124.
  • Strand, R. (1983), “A System Paradigm of Organizational Adaptations to The Social Environment”, Academy of Management Review, 8, s. 90-96.
  • Swedberg, R. (2002), “The Economic Sociology of Capitalism: Weber and Schumpeter”, Journal of Classical Sociology, 2, 3, s. 227-255.
  • Tanilli, S. (2006), İnsanlığı Nasıl Bir Gelecek Bekliyor?, İstanbul: Adam Ya.
  • Tecim, V. (2004) “Sistem Yaklaşımı ve Soft Sistem Düşüncesi”, Dokuz Eylül Ünv. İİBF Dergisi, 19/2, s. 75-100.
  • Tezcek, F. Ö. (2008), Türkiye’de Kapitalizmin Dönüşüm Sürecinde Düşünce Fabrikaları, İstanbul: Marmara Ünv. SBE [Doktora Tezi].
  • mülkiye 2010 Cilt: XXXIV Sayı:268 327
  • Tomlinson, J. (2004), Küreselleşme ve Kültür [çev. Arzu Eker], İstanbul: Ayrıntı Ya. No. 424/192.
  • Utting, P. (2005), “Rethinking Business Regulation From Self-Regulation to Social Control”, Technology, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Business and Society Programme Paper Number 15 (September), s. 1-38.
  • Warfield, J.N. (1994), A Science of Generic Design, Ames: Iowa State University Pres.
  • Wartick, S. L., Cochran, P. L. (1985), “The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model”, Academy of Management Review, 10, 4, s. 758-769.
  • Wissema, J. G. (2009), Üçüncü Kuşak Üniversitelere Doğru [çev. Nurkalp Devrim, Taciser Belge], İstanbul: Özyeğin Ünv. Ya.
  • Wood, D. J. (1991), “Corporate Social Performance Revisited”, Academy of Management Review, 16, 4, s. 691-718.
  • Wood, E. M. (2003), Kapitalizmin Kökeni [çev. A.Cevdet Aşkın], Ankara: Epos Ya. No. 12.
  • Woods, A, Grant, T. (2006), Aklın İsyanı: Marksist Felsefe ve Modern Bilim [çev. Ömer Gemici, Ufuk Demirsoy], İstanbul: Tarih Bilinci Ya.
  • Zexian, Y., Xuhui, Y. ( 2010), “A Revolution in the Field of Systems Thinking-A Review of Checkland’s System Thinking”, Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 27, s. 140-155.
  • Zizek, S. (2007), “Multitude, Surplus and Envy”, Rethinking Marxism, 19, 1(January), s. 46-58
  • Zizek, S. (2003), Gıdıklanan Özne Politik Ontolojinin Yok Merkezi, Ankara: Epos Ya.
  • Zizek, S., Daly, G. (2004), Conversations with Zizek, USA: Polity Press, Cambridge.