MÜSLÜMAN KADINLARIN 11 EYLÜL SONRASI ROMANLARINDA ERKEKLİKLER: THE NIGHT COUNTER VE SAFFRON DREAMS'DE ERKEKLER

Bu makale, Alia Yunis`in The Night Counter adlı romanı ile Shaila Abdullah`ın Saffron Dreams adlı eserindeki erkeklik temsillerini irdeler. Müslüman kadın yazarlarca 11 Eylül 2001`de gerçekleşen terör saldırısını takip eden dönemde kaleme alınan bu iki eser, Arap ve/veya Müslüman erkeklerin heterojen bir grup olduğunu ve masumiyetlerini kanıtlama çabası içindedirler. Makalenin ilk bölümünde erkeklikler literatürüne dönerek devamında kullanacağım kavramlara açıklık getiriyorum ve Arap, Arap-Amerikan, Müslüman, Pakistanlı, Pakistanlı-Amerikan eril bireylerin erkeklikleri üzerine literatürü kısaca tarıyorum. Makale, sırasıyla The Night Counter ve Saffron Dreams romanlarının incelemeleriyle devam ediyor.

MASCULINITIES IN MUSLIM WOMEN`S POST-9/11 NOVELS: MEN IN THE NIGHT COUNTER AND SAFFRON DREAMS

This article explores the representation of masculinities in Alia Yunis’ The Night Counter and Shaila Abdullah`s Saffron Dreams. The two novels I examine represent Arab-American and Pakistani-American Muslim masculinities in the post-9/11 context. In the first part, I provide an overview of research on Arab, Arab-American, Muslim, Pakistani and Pakistani-American masculinities after defining the key terms. In the rest of the paper, I trace the representations of masculinities in the two novels. Yunis redeems Arab manhoods by underscoring diversity in Arab-American masculinities whereas Abdullah erects a metaphorical monument for a young Pakistani-American man who loses his life during the attacks on the World Trade Center, thereby arguing that some Muslim men were innocent victims of the attack.

___

  • Abdullah, S. (2009). Saffron dreams: A novel. Ann Harbor: Modern History Press.
  • Ahmed, R., Morey, P., & Yaqin, A. (Eds.). (2012). Culture, diaspora, and modernity in Muslim writing. New York: Routledge.
  • Akash, M., & Mattawa, K. (Eds.). (2000). Post Gibran: Anthology of new Arab American writing: Jusoor.
  • Alsultany, E. (2012). Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race and representation after 9/11. New York & London: New York University Press.
  • Alsultany, E. (2013). Arabs and Muslims in the media after 9/11: Representational strategies for a "postrace" era. American Quarterly, 65(1), 161-169.
  • Armengol, J. M., Bosch-Vilarrubias, M., Carabí, À., & Requena-Pelegrí, T. (Eds.). (2017). Masculinities and literary studies: Intersections and new directions. New York: Routledge.
  • Aslam, M. (2012). Gender-based explosions: The nexus between Muslim masculinities, jihadist Islamism and terrorism. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
  • Aslam, M. (2014). Islamism and masculinity: Case study Pakistan. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung, 135-149.
  • Bayoumi, M. (2008). How does it feel to be a problem?: Being young and Arab in America. London: Penguin.
  • Bayoumi, M. (2010). Being young, Muslim, and American in Brooklyn. In A. Bayat & L. Herrera (Eds.), Being Young and Muslim: New Cultural Politics in the Global South and North (pp. 161-174).
  • Bayoumi, M. (2015). This Muslim American life: Dispatches from the war on terror: NYU.
  • Bhabha, H. (1995). Are you a man or a mouse? In M. Berger, B. Wallis, & S. Watson (Eds.), Constructing masculinity (pp. 57–65). New York: Routledge.
  • Bhabha, H. (2004). The location of culture. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Bridges, T., & Pascoe, C. J. (2014). Hybrid masculinities: New directions in the sociology of men and masculinities. Sociology Compass, 8(3), 246-258.
  • Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11. (29 October 2004). CBC News. Retrieved from www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654
  • Bosch-Vilarrubias, M. (2016). Post-9/11 representations of Arab men by Arab American women writers: Affirmation and resistance. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Bosch-Vilarrubias, M. (2021). Aging men in contemporary Arab American literature written by women. In J. M. Armengol (Ed.), Aging Masculinities in Contemporary US Fiction (pp. 139-152): Springer.
  • Bridges, T., & Pascoe, C. J. (2014). Hybrid masculinities: New directions in the sociology of men and masculinities. Sociology Compass, 8(3), 246-258.
  • Carbajal, A. F. (2019). Queer Muslim diasporas in contemporary literature and film: Manchester University Press.
  • Chambers, C. (2019). Making sense of contemporary British Muslim novels. London: Springer.
  • Cherry, P. (2021). Muslim masculinities in literature and film: Transcultural identity and migration in Britain. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Coleman, D. (1998). Masculine migrations: reading the postcolonial male in New Canadian narratives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press. Connell, R. W., Hearn, J., & Kimmel, M. S. (2005). Introduction. In M. S. Kimmel, J. Hearn, & R. W. Connell (Eds.), Handbook of studies on men and masculinities (pp. 1-12). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • De Sondy, A. (2015). The crisis of Islamic masculinities. Masculinities: A Journal of Identity and Culture(4), 111-116.
  • Fadda-Conrey, C. (2014). Contemporary Arab-American Literature. New York & London: New York University Press.
  • Garner, S., & Selod, S. (2015). The racialization of Muslims: Empirical studies of Islamophobia. Critical Sociology, 41(1), 9-19.
  • Harpel, W. W. (2010). Conceptions of masculinity among Arab Americans. Washington State University,
  • Haywood, C., & Johansson, T. (2017). Marginalized masculinities: Contexts, continuities and change (Vol. 57). New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Hossain, Z., & Juhari, R. (2015). Fathers across Arab and non-Arab Islamic societies. In J. L. Roopnarine (Ed.), Fathers across cultures: The importance, roles, and diverse practices of dads (Vol. 368, pp. 368-390).
  • Inhorn, M. C. (2012). The new Arab man: Emergent masculinities, technologies, and Islam in the Middle East. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Inhorn, M. C., & Naguib, N. (2018). Reconceiving Muslim men: Love and marriage, family and care in precarious times (Vol. 38): Berghahn Books.
  • Jafar, A. (2005). Women, Islam, and the state in Pakistan. Gender Issues, 22(1), 35-55. Jamal, A., & Naber, N. (Eds.). (2008). Race and Arab Americans before and after 9/11: From invisible citizens to visible subjects. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
  • Jarmakani, A. (2011). Desiring the Big Bad Blade: Racing the Sheikh in Desert Romances. American Quarterly, 63(4), 895-928.
  • Khan, A. (2018). Pious masculinity, ethical reflexivity, and moral order in an Islamic piety movement in Pakistan. Anthropological Quarterly, 91(1), 53-77.
  • Marsden, M. (2007). All male sonic gatherings, Islamic reform, and masculinity in northern Pakistan. American Ethnologist, 34(3), 473-490.
  • Messerschmidt, J. W. (2018). Multiple masculinities In B. Risman, C. M. Froyum, & W. J. Scarborough (Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (2 ed., pp. 143-153). Cham: Springer.
  • Morey, P. (2018). Islamophobia and the novel. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Morey, P., & Yaqin, A. (2011). Framing Muslims: Steretyping and representation after 9/11. London: Harvard University Press.
  • Naber, N. (2012). Arab America: Gender, cultural politics, and activism. New York & London: New York University Press.
  • Naguib, N. (2015). Nurturing masculinities: Men, food, and family in contemporary Egypt: University of Texas Press.
  • Ngai, M. M. (2007). Birthright citizenship and the alien citizen. Fordham Law Review, 75(5), 2521-2530.
  • Ouzgane, L. (2008). Islamic masculinities. London & New York: Zed Books.
  • Ozyegin, G. (Ed.) (2016). Gender and sexuality in Muslim cultures. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Peletz, M. G. (2021). Hegemonic Muslim masculinities and their Others: Perspectives from South and Southeast Asia. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 63(3), 534-565.
  • Rizvi, S. S. (2015). Father's masculinity Ideology and their adolescent`s perception of father`s love. International Journal of Information Education Technology, 5(1), 14.
  • Schrock, D., & Schwalbe, M. (2009). Men, masculinity, and manhood acts. Annual review of sociology, 35, 277-295.
  • Shaheen, J. G. (2003). Reel bad Arabs: How Hollywood vilifies a people. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social science, 588(1), 171-193.
  • Sinclair-Webb, E., & Ghoussoub, M. (2000). Imagined masculinities: Male identity and culture in the modern Middle East. London: Saki Books.
  • Yunis, A. (2009). The night counter: A novel. New York: Random House, Inc.
  • Yunis, A. (2021). Early morning calls: How September 11 made me a Muslim writer. Retrieved from aliayunis.net/2021/09/11/early-morning-calls/
  • Zucchino, D. (2021, 7 October 2021). The U.S. war in Afghanistan: How it started, and how it ended. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/article/afghanistan-war-us.html