TÜRKİYE GEÇ PLEYİSTOSEN BUZULLAŞMASI VE PALEOİKLİMİ

Buzullar, iklim değişikliklerine nispeten hızlı bir şekilde tepki vererek çevre şartlarınıdoğrudan kayıt altına aldıklarından, bir bölgenin atmosferik koşulları hakkında önemli ipuçları içerirler. Benzer şekilde, geçmiş dönemlerdeki buzulların incelenmesi ile depaleoiklim koşulları hakkında bilgiler elde edilebilir. Bu makalede son yıllarda Türkiyedağlarındaki eski buzul çökellerinden kozmojenik yüzey tarihlendirmesiyle elde edilen GeçPleyistosen buzul kronolojileri ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca yapılan bu çalışmalara genel birbakış açısı getirilerek, buzullaşma zamanları ve paleoiklim hakkında bölgesel çıkarımlarsunulmaktadır. Türkiye'de toplam 27 bölgede buzullar gelişmiştir. Bunlar Toros Dağları,Doğu Karadeniz Dağları ve Anadolu'nun çeşitli bölgelerine dağılmış yüksek dağlardagruplanmışlardır. Şimdiye kadar 9 dağdan toplam 363 adet kozmojenik yüzey örneğialınmış olup elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Türkiye'de bilinen en eski Geç Pleyistosen buzulilerlemesinin MIS 4 (71 bin yıl önce)'de başlayarak, MIS 3 (29-35 bin yıl önce) sonunakadar devam ettiği düşünülmektedir. Sonrasında buzullar daha da ilerlemiş ve en genişboyutlarına 21 bin yıl önceki Son Buzul Maksimum'u (Last Glacial Maximum; SBM)sırasında ulaşmışlardır. Bu sadece Türkiye'de değil Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika ve Dünya'nındiğer bölgelerde de gözlenen küresel anlamdaki SBM (~19-23 bin yıl önce) ile deuyumludur. SBM'den sonraki dönemlerde ısınmanın artmasıyla buzullar giderek küçülmüş,Geç Buzul (Late Glacial) (19-13 bin yıl önce) ve Genç Dryas (Young Dryas) (13-11.7 binyıl önce) dönemlerinde, zaman zaman duraklayarak, bazen de bir miktar ilerleyerek aitoldukları dönemlerin morenlerini depolamışlardır. İklimin günümüz koşullarına yaklaştığıHolosen'de ise (son 11.7 bin yıl), Türkiye'nin sadece çok yüksek dağlarında (>3500 m)buzulları görmek mümkün olmuştur. Yaptığımız buzul modellemeleri ve diğer proksiveriler, SBM ikliminin günümüzden 8-11°C daha soğuk, yağış koşullarının ise güneybatıAnadolu'da günümüzden 1.5-2 kat daha fazla, orta ve iç kesimlerde günümüzdekine yakınve kuzeydoğuda ise günümüzden % 30 daha kurak olduğunu göstermektedir. Geç Buzul'daiklimin günümüzden 4.5-6.4°C daha soğuk ve %50 kadar daha fazla nemli; ErkenHolosen'de 2.1-4.9°C daha soğuk ve iki katına kadar daha yağışlı; Geç Holosen'de ise yağışkoşullarının günümüze yaklaştığını ancak hava sıcaklığının hala günümüz değerlerinden2.4-3°C daha soğuk olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır

LATE PLEISTOCENE GLACIATIONS AND PALEOCLIMATE OF TURKEY

Glaciers respond quickly to climatic changes and thus they are considered to be veryaccurate indicators of changes in atmospheric conditions. Similarly, the extent of pastglaciers gives valuable insights into paleoclimatic changes. For this purpose, we reviewedthe paleo-glaciated mountains where cosmogenic surface exposure dating was applied inTurkey. We also evaluated the paleoclimatic results obtained from these studies to providea regional overview. Twenty-seven mountains in Turkey are high enough to supportQuaternary valley glaciers or ice caps. The timing of glaciations was reported mainly bycosmogenic dating of moraines. We re-evaluated the dated sites and recalculated some ofthe published cosmogenic ages using the up-to-date production rates. The oldestgeochronological records reported from the region belong to the glaciations before theglobally defined Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). These glaciers developed probably duringthe beginning of the last glaciation (MIS 4; 71 ka ago) and stopped advancing at the endof the MIS 3 (at 29-35 ka ago). Later, glaciers expanded and reached to their mostextensive locations during MIS 2 (after 29 ka ago). They reached maximum extentsbetween 21.5 ka ago and 18.5 ka ago. This local-LGM was synchronous with the globalLGM.After the LGM, the glaciers started to retreat to less extensive positions anddeposited their moraines ~16 ka ago during the Late Glacial. The Younger Dryas (~12 kaago) advances were also reported from a limited number of mountains. Rare EarlyHolocene glaciations were dated to 8.5 ka in the interior regions. Late Holocene (1-4 kaago) and Little Ice Age (between 1300-1850 AD) advances were also observed. Wereconstructed the paleoclimate using glacier modeling together with paleoclimate proxydata from several regions. The results show that LGM climate was 8-11°C colder thantoday and moisture levels were 1.5 to 2 times in SW Turkey, somewhat similar to modernvalues in central parts and 30 % drier in the NE. The Late Glacial was colder by 4.5-6.4°Cbased on up to 50 % wetter conditions. The Early Holocene was 2.1-4.9°C colder and upto twice as wet as today, while the Late Holocene was 2.4-3°C colder and its precipitationamounts approached to similar conditions as today.

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