BAŞKALE FAY ZONU’NUN TEKTONİK JEOMORFOLOJİSİ

Başkale Fay Zonu (BFZ) Türkiye’nin güneydoğusunda, Şemdinli-Yükseova Fay zonu ile İran’ınkuzeybatısında bulunan Guilato–Siahcheshmeh–Khoy Fay sisteminin arasında yer almaktadır.Kuzeydoğuda Yavuzlar beldesinden başlayıp, güneybatıda Işıklar köyüne kadar devam etmektedir.Yaklaşık olarak K10°D ile K40°D arasında değişen doğrultulara sahip olan BFZ Işıklı, Ziraniş veÇamlık faylarından meydana gelmektedir. Ötelenmiş dere yatakları, fay denetimli akaçlama sistemi(Çığılsuyu Irmağı gibi), faylar boyunca uzanan ve deformasyon geçirmiş alüvyon yelpazeleri,fay düzlükleri, Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı volkanitler ve volkanik yapılar, oluşumunu günümüzde desürdüren çatlak sırtı travertenler BFZ’nun aktif olduğunu gösteren morfotektonik özelliklerdir.Bu çalışmada bölgenin morfotektonik evriminde Başkale Fay Zonu’nun etkisinin belirlenmesiamaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç içerisinde, morfotektonik analizler için çalışma alanının Sayısal YükseklikModeli üzerinde hipsometrik integral, drenaj havzası asimetrisi, vadi tabanı genişliğinin-vadiyüksekliğine oranı ve dağ cephesi kıvrımlılığı gibi morfometrik indisler üretilerek yorumlanmıştır.Morfometrik analiz sonuçlarına bağlı olarak, alanın son derece genç bir topoğrafyaya sahip olduğuve aktif olarak yükseldiği görülmektedir. Bölgedeki yükselme hızının doğudan batıya doğru arttığıve batı kesimlerinde yılda 0.5 mm’den fazla olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

TECTONIC GEOMORPHOLOGY OF BAŞKALE FAULT ZONE

Başkale Fault Zone is located between Şemdinli-Yüksekova fault zone in southeast Turkey and Guilato–Siahcheshmeh–Khoy fault system in southeast Iran. The fault zone started from Yavuzlar town to Işıklar village in southwest. BFZ is composed of three different segments which have directions with varying N75°E to N 80°E. The offset streams, fault controlled drainage system such as Çığılsuyu stream, alluvial fans which line up parallel to the fault and have deformation structure, fault straight, Plio-Quaternary volcanic rocks and volcanic structures, ridge travertines which continues their formations today indicate that BFZ is active as morphotectonic. The objective of the investigation is to determine the effect of Başkale Fault Zone on morphotectonic evolution of the region. With this aim, morphometric indices such hypsometric integral, drainage basin asymmetry, the ratio between the width and the height of valley and crimp in front of the mountain were produced with Digital Elevation Model of study area and were explained with their meaning. Depending on the results of morphometric models, it appears that the region has young topography and activelyrises. It was concluded that the rate of topographies rise in the region increased from east to west and typically rates were greater than of 0.5 mm in year.

PDF

___

Altıner, Y., Söhne, W., Güney, C., Perlt, J., Wang, R., Muzli M. 2013. A geodetic study of the 23 October 2011 Van, Turkey earthquake. Tectonophysics, 588, 118-134.
Ambraseys, N.N. 2001. Reassessment of earthquakes, 1900- 1999, in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Geophysical Journal International 145, 471-487,doi:10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01396.x/ epdf
Ambraseys, N.N., Finkel, A.C. 1995. The seismicity of Turkey and adjacent areas: A historical review, 1500-1800. M.S. Eren Beyoğlu, Istanbul.
Arpat, E., Şaroğlu, F., İz, H.B. 1977. 1976 Çaldıran Depremi. Yeryuvarı ve İnsan 17, 29-41.
Ateş, Ş., Mutlu, G., Özerk, O.Ç., Çiçek, İ., Karakaya Gülmez, F., Bulut Üstün, A., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Osmançelebioğlu, R., Özata, A., Aksoy, A. 2007.
Van İlinin Yerbilim Verileri, MTA, Jeoloji Etüdleri Dairesi, Rapor no: 10961. 152s (yayınlanmamış).
Azor, A., Keller, E.A., Yeats, R.S. 2002. Geomorphic indicators of actiand fold growth: South Mountain-Oak Ridge anticline, Andntura basin, southern California. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 114, 745-753.
Bayraktar, A., Altunışık, A.C., Pehlivan, M. 2013. Performance and damages of reinforced concrete buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011 Van, Turkey, earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 53, 49-72.
Boray, A. 1975. Bitlis dolayının yapısı ve metamorfi zması. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 18, 81-84.
Bull, W.B. 1977. Tectonic geomorphology of the Mojaand Desert, California, U.S. Geological Surandy Contract Report 14-0-001-G-394.
Bull, W.B. 2007. Tectonic Geomorphology of Mountains: A New Approach to Paleoseismology. WileyBlackwell, USA.
Bull, W.B., McFadden, L.D. 1977. Tectonic geomorphology north and south of the Garlock fault, California. Geomorphology in Arid Regions, 115-138.
Chen, Y.C., Sung, Q., Cheng, K.Y. 2003. Along-strike variations of morphotectonic features in the Western Foothills of Taiwan: Tectonic implications based on stream-gradient and hypsometric analysis. Geomorphology 56, 109- 137, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00059-X.
Ciccacci, S., D’Alessandro, L., Fredi, P., Palmieri, E.L. 1992. Relations between morphometric characteristics and denudational processes in some drainage basins of Italy. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 36, 53-67.
Cisternas, A., Philip, H., Bousquet, J. C., Cara, M., Deschamps, A., Dorbath, L., Tatevossian, R. 1989. The Spitak (Armenia) earthquake of 7 December 1988: Field observations, seismology and tectonics. Nature, 339(6227), 675-679, doi:10.1038/339675a0.
D’Alessandro, L., Del Monte, M., Fredi, P., Lupia-Palmeri, E., Peppoloni, S. 1999. Hypsometric analysis in the study of Italian drainage basin morphoevolution. Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union 20, 187–202.
Dewey, J.F., Hempton, M.R., Kidd, W.S.F., Saroğlu, F., Şengör, A.M.C. 1986. Shortening of continental lithosphere: The neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia - A young collision zone. Geological Society Special Publication, pp. 1-36.
Dhont, D., Chorowicz, J. 2006. Review of the neotectonics of the Eastern Turkish-Armenian Plateau by geomorphic analysis of digital elevation model imagery. International Journal of Earth Sciences 95, 34-49.
Djamour, Y., Andrnant, P., Nankali, H.R., Tavakoli, F. 2011. NW Iran-eastern Turkey present-day kinematics: Results from the Iranian permanent GPS network. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 307, 27-34, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.029.
Doğan, B., Karakaş, A. 2013. Geometry of co-seismic surface ruptures and tectonic meaning of the 23 October 2011 M w 7.1 Van earthquake (East Anatolian Region, Turkey). Journal of Structural Geology, 46, 99-114, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2012.10.001.
El Hamdouni, R., Irigaray, C., Fernández, T., Chacón, J., Keller, E.A. 2008. Assessment of relatiand actiand tectonics, southwest border of the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Geomorphology 96, 150-173, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.004.
Elliott, J.R., Copley, C., Holley, R., Scharer, K., Parsons, B. 2013. The 2011 Mw 7.1 Van (Eastern Turkey) earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118, 1619-1637.
Emre, Ö., Doğan, A., Özalp, Ö., Yıldırım, Y. 2005. 25 Ocak 2005 Hakkari Depremi Hakkında Ön Değerlendirme. MTA. Rapor No: 123.
Emre, Ö., Duman, T.Y., Özalp, S., Olgun, Ş., Elmacı, H. 2012. 1:250.000 ölçekli Türkiye diri fay haritaları serisi, Van (NJ38-5) Paftası, Seri No:52, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, AnkaraTürkiye. Erdoğan, T. 1975. Gölbaşı Civarının Jeolojisi. TPAO. Rapor, 929, 18.
Ergin, K., Güçlü, U., Uz, Z. 1967. Türkiye ve civarının deprem kataloğu (MS. 11-1964). İstanbul, İTÜ, Maden Fakültesi, Arz Fiziği Enstitüsü yayınları.
Font, M., Amorese, D., Lagarde, J.L. 2010. DEM and GIS analysis of the stream gradient index to evaluate effects of tectonics: The Normandy intraplate area (NW France). Geomorphology 119, 172-180, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.017.
Giaconia, F., Booth-Rea, G., Martínez-Martínez, J.M., Azañón, J.M., Pérez-Peña, J.V. 2012. Geomorphic analysis of the Sierra Cabrera, an actiand pop-up in the constrictional domain of conjugate strikeslip faults: The Palomares and Polopos fault zones (eastern Betics, SE Spain). Tectonophysics 580, 27-42, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.028.
Giamboni, M., Wetzel, A., Schneider, B. 2005. Geomorphic response of alluvial riandrs to actiand tectonics: Example from the southern Rhine Graben. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 97, 24-37.
Gordon, R.G. 1998. The plate tectonic approximation: plate nonrigidity, diffuse plate boundaries, and global plate reconstructions. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, pp. 615-642, doi:10.1146/ annurev.earth.26.1.615.
Göncüoğlu, M. C., Turhan. N. 1984. Geology of the Bitlis metamorphic belt. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü yayınları (In: Tekeli, O. ve Göncüoğlu, M.C. (eds), 237-244.
Görgün, E. 2013. The 2011 October 23 M-W 7.2 VanErcis, Turkey, Earthquake And Its Aftershocks”, Geophysıcal Journal Internatıonal, 1052-1067.
Gürbüz, A., Gürer, Ö. F. 2008. Tectonic geomorphology of the north Anatolian Faultzone in the Lake Sapanca Basin (eastern Marmara region, Turkey). Geosciences Journal, 12(3), 215–225.
Horasan, G., Boztepe-Güney, A. 2006. Observation and analysis of low frequency crustal earthquakes in Lake Van and its vicinity, eastern Turkey Journal Seismology. 11, 1-13. doi:10.1007/s10950-006- 9022-2
Karakhanian, A.S., Trifonov, V.G., Philip, H., Avagyan, A., Hessami, K., Jamali, F., Bayraktutan, M.S., Bagdassarian, H., Arakelian, S., Davtian, V., Adilkhanyan, A. 2004. “Active faulting and natural hazards in Armenia, eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran”, Tectonophysics, 380, 189– 219.
Keller, E. A. 1986. Investigation of active tectonics: Use of surfi cial Earth processes. In R. E. Wallace (Ed.), Active tectonics (pp. 136–147). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Studies in Geophysics.
Keller, E. A. Seaandr, D.B., Laduzinsky, D.L., Johnson, D.L., Ku, T.L. 2000. Tectonic geomorphology of actiand folding oandr buried reandrse faults: San Emigdio Mountain front, Southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 112, 86-97, doi:10.1130/0016- 7606(2000)112%3C86:TGOAFO%3E2.0.CO;2.
Keller, E. A. Pinter, N. 2002. Actiand Tectonics, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Koçyiǧit, A. 1985a. Karayazı Fayı. Yerbilimleri, 28, 67-72.
Koçyiǧit, A. 1985b. Muratbast-Balabantas (Horasan) arasında Çobandede Fay kuşağının jeotektonik özellikleri ve Horasan-Narman depremi yüzey kırıkları. Cumhuriyet Univ., Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 17-33. Koçyiğit, A. 2005. Sütlüce (Hakkari) Depreminin Kaynağı: Başkale Fay Kuşağı, GD Türkiye) Deprem Sempozyumu, Denizli, Turkey.
Koçyiğit, A. 2013. New fi eld and seismic data about the intraplate strike-slip deformation in Van region, East Anatolian plateau, E. Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 62, 586-605, doi:10.1016/j. jseaes.2012.11.008.
Koçyiǧit, A., Yılmaz, A., Adamia, S., Kuloshvili, S. 2001. Neotectonic of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: Implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting. Geodinamica Acta 14, 177-195,doi:10.1016/ S0985-3111(00)01064-0.
KOERI, 2011. KOERI (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü), 2011-2012 (http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/ scripts//Ist5.asp)
Lifton, N.A., Chase, C.G. 1992. Tectonic, climatic and lithologic infl uences on landscape fractal dimension and hypsometry: implications for landscape evolution in the San Gabriel Mountains, California. Geomorphology 5, 77- 114, doi:10.1016/0169-555X(92)90059-W.
Mayer, L. 1986. Tectonic geomorphology of escarpments and mountain fronts. Actiand Tectonics, 125-135.
Ohmori, H. 1993. Changes in the hypsometric curand through mountain building resulting from concurrent tectonics and denudation. Geomorphology 8, 263- 277, doi:10.1016/0169-555X(93)90023-U.
Özkaymak, Ç., Sözbilir, H., Bozkurt, E., Dirik, K., Topal, T., Alan, H., Çağlan, D. 2011. 23 Ekim 2011 Tabanlı-Van Depreminin Sismik Jeomorfolojisi ve Doğu Anadolu’daki Aktif Tektonik Yapılarla Olan İlişkisi. JMO Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 35 (2) 175-199.
Özkaymak, Ç., Sözbilir, H. 2012. Tectonic geomorphologyof the Spildağı high ranges, western Anatolia. Geomorphology,173–174, 128–140.
Özkaymak, Ç. 2015. Tectonic analysis of the Honaz Fault (western Anatolia) using geomorphic indices and the regional implications. Geodinamica Acta, 27:2-3, 110-129.
Özsayın, E. 2016. Relative tectonic activity assessment of the Çameli Basin, Western Anatolia, using geomorphic indices, Geodinamica Acta, doi: 10.1080/09853111.2015.1128180.
Pérez-Peña, J.V., Azañón, J.M., Azor, A. 2009a. CalHypso: An ArcGIS extension to calculate hypsometric curands and their statistical moments. Applications to drainage basin analysis in SE Spain. Computers and Geosciences 35, 1214-1223, doi:10.1016/j. cageo.2008.06.006.
Pérez-Peña, J.V., Azañón, J.M., Booth-Rea, G., Azor, A., Delgado, J. 2009b. Differentiating geology and tectonics using a spatial autocorrelation technique for the hypsometric integral. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 114.
Pérez-Peña, J.V., Azor, A., Azañón, J.M., Keller, E.A. 2010. Actiand tectonics in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): Insights from geomorphic indexes and drainage pattern analysis. Geomorphology 119, 74-87, doi:10.1029/2008JF001092.
Rebai, S., Philip, H., Dorbath, L., Borissoff, B., Haessler, H., Cisternas, A. 1993. Active tectonics in the lesser Caucasus: coexistence of compressive and extensional structures. Tectonics, 12(5), 1089- 1114, doi:10.1029/93TC00514.
Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Andrnant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., Ozener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanyan, R. 2006. GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-ArabiaEurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978–2012) 111, doi:10.1029/2005JB004051.
Ricou, L. 1971. Le croissant ophiolitique péri-arabe: Une ceinture de nappes mises en place au Crétacé supérieur.
Rockwell, T.K., Keller, E.A., Johnson, D.L. 1984. Tectonic geomorphology of alluvial fans and mountain fronts near Andntura, California. Tectonic Geomorphology, 183-207.
Silva, P.G., Goy, J.L., Zazo, C., Bardají, T. 2003. Faulthgenerated mountain fronts in southeast Spain: Geomorphologic assessment of tectonic and seismic activity. Geomorphology 50, 203-225, doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00215-5.
Soysal, H., Sipahioğlu, S., Koçak, D., Altınok, Y. 1981. Türkiye ve Çevresinin Tarihsel Deprem Kataloğu (MÖ 2100-MS 1900). TUBİTAK Projesi (TBAG), Ankara:.
Strahler, A.N. 1952. Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 63, 1117-1142.
Şaroğlu, F., Yılmaz, G., Erdoğan, R. 1984. “Horasan– Narman depreminin jeolojik özelliği ve Doğu Anadolu’da depreme yönelik çalışmaların gerekliliği”, Kuzeydoğu Anadolu I. Ulusal Deprem Sempozyumu. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum, 349-360.
Şaroǧlu, F., Yılmaz, Y. 1986. Doǧu Anadolu’da neotektonik dönemdeki jeolojik evrim and havza modelleri. Maden Tektik ve Arama Dergisi, 107, 73-94.
Şaroǧlu, F., Emre, Ö., Boray, A. 1987. Türkiye’nin diri faylari ve depremsellikleri. MTA. Report No: 5216.
Şengör, A.M.C., Kidd, W.S.F. 1979. Post-collisional tectonics of the Turkish-Iranian plateau and a comparison with Tibet. Tectonophysics 55, 361- 376, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(79)90184-7.
Şengör, A. M. C., Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75(3-4), 181-190,193-199,203- 241, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4.
Şengör, A.M.C., Görür, N., and Şaroğlu, F., 1985. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study
Tan, O., Tapırdamaz, M.C., Yörük, A. 2008. “The earthquake catalogues for Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(2), 405-418.
Willgoose, G. 1994. A statistic for testing the elevation characteristics of landscape simulation models. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 13987- 13996, doi:10.1029/94JB00123.
Willgoose, C., Hancock, G. 1998. Revisiting the hypsometric curand as an indicator of form and process in transport-limited catchment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 23, 611-623.
Yıldırım, C. 2014. Relative tectonic activity assessment of theTuz Gölü fault zone; Central Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonophysics,630, 183–192.
Yılmaz, Y. 1971. Etüde petrographicque et geochronologique de la region de Casa (Partie Meridionale du Masif de Bitlis, Turquie, These de doct 3 cycle). Univ. Sci.Med. Greonable, 230.
Yılmaz, O. 1975. Cacas Bölgesi (Bitlis Masifi ) kayaçlarının petrografi k ve stratigrafi k incelenmesi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 18-1, 33-40.
Yılmaz, Y., Şaroǧlu, F., Güner, Y. 1987. Initiation of the neomagmatism in East Anatolia. Tectonophysics 134, 177-199, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(87)90256- 3.