Süt Sığırlarında Isı Stresinin Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi*

Bu derlemede sıcaklık-nem indeksi seviyelerininin süt sığırlarının üretim özellikleri üzerine etkisi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İklim şartları çiftlik hayvanlarının refahı ve üretim performansı üzerine etkilidir. Mevcut iklim modelleri kullanılarak, küresel atmosferik kompozisyonun bozulmasından dolayı, önümüzdeki 100 yıl içinde küresel ortalama yüzey sıcaklığındaki artışın 1.8°C ve 4.0°C arasında olabileceği öngörülmektedir. Bağıl nem, çevre sıcaklığının hissedilme derecesini etkilemektedir. Çevre sıcaklığı ve bağıl nemin, çiftlik hayvanlarında verim özellikleri üzerindeki ortak etkisi “sıcaklık-nem indeksi (SNİ)” adı verilen tek bir değerle ifade edilmektedir. Süt sığırlarında verim özelliklerinin, sıcaklık-nem indeksinin 71 ve altında olduğu durumlarda ısı stresinden etkilenmediği, sıcaklık-nem indeksinin 72-79 arasında olduğu durumlarda ise az da olsa verim kayıplarının oluşabileceği, sıcaklık-nem indeksinin 80 ve üzerinde olduğu durumlarda ise ısı stresinden önemli ölçüde etkilendikleri belirlenmiştir. Süt sığırlarında üreme ve süt verimi performansının yaz aylarında azaldığı bildirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Holştayn ırkı sığırların; Jersey, Esmer ve Simmental ırklarına göre ısı stresine daha duyarlı olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Yaz aylarında, ısı stresi sebebiyle günlük süt veriminde yaklaşık 0.9-2.2 kg azalma olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, sıcaklık-nem indeksi değerinin 1 birimlik artışının günlük süt verimini 180–360 g aralığında azalttığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Süt sığırı, ısı stresi, süt verimi

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