Duygular ve Değer Biçen Yargılar

Birçok çağdaş filozof duyguların değer biçen yargılar ile kurulduğunu ve bu sebeple de bilişsel olduklarını iddia etmektedir. Her ne kadar bu iddia duyguların doğası hakkında bize zengin tartışma alanları açıyor olsa da, böyle bir genelleştirmeye ulaşma kaygısı aynı zamanda duyguların etik boyutunu göz ardı etmektedir. Bunu engellemek adına spesifik duygulara odaklanmamız gerektiğini iddia ediyorum. Bu yazıda merhamet duygusunu inceleyerek, duygular ve değer koyan yargılar arasında içkin bir ilişki olduğunu ama bu ilişkinin her zaman tek taraflı olmayabileceğini, duyguların da yargılarımızı biçimlendirebileceğini savunuyorum. Son olarak, eğer duygular ve yargılar arasında içkin bir ilişki varsa, yargının askıya alınması durumunun (Arendt’in Eichmann analizi) aynı zamanda duygusal anlamda kayıtsızlık halini de beraberinde getireceğini ve özellikle bu kayıtsızlık ya da duyguların askıya alınması (emotion-free state) halinin kişinin ahlaki eylemden ve sorumluluk alma yetisinden uzaklaşmasını kolaylaştıracağını iddia ediyorum.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Duygular, Değer Biçen Yargılar, Merhamet, Etik

Emotions and Evaluative Judgments

There has been an ongoing debate on whether emotions are evaluative judgments, and as such cognitive. Though philosophers, who commit themselves to the idea that emotions are constituted or structured by evaluative judgments, provide us with very rich accounts of the nature of emotions, they downplay its ethical dimension. In order to correct this we should focus on particular emotions. Here I focus on compassion and conclude that though there is an intrinsic relationship between emotions and evaluative judgments this is not necessarily a one-sided one. Finally, I claim that any suspension of judgment (Arendt on Eichmann) can lead to a state of indifference, or an emotion-free state. And here I am interested in the ethical consequences of such a state, namely that with the suspension of judgment and accordingly of emotions, it is much easier for someone to avoid any moral action, and accordingly any sense of accountability.

Keywords:

Emotions, Evaluative Judgments, Compassion, Ethics,

PDF

___

ANSELL-PEARSON, Keith (2013). “Introduction: Nietzsche and the Passions”, Journal of Nietzsche studies, 44(1): 1-5.

ARENDT, Hannah (1964). Eichmann in Jerusalem, Middlesex: Penguin.

ARISTOTLE (1954). Rhetoric and Poetics, New York: Random House.

ARISTOTLE (2004). The Nicomachean Ethics, London: Penguin.

DAMASIO, Antonio (1994). Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, New York: Avon Books.

DAMASIO, Antonio (2003). Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain, London: William Heinemann.

GOLDIE, Peter (2002). The Emotions: A Philosophical Exploration, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

HUNT, Lester (2006). “Martha Nussbaum on the Emotions”, Ethics, 116(3): 552-577.

IMMORDINO-YANG, Mary Helen, Andrea MCCOLL, Hanna DAMASIO, Antonio DAMASIO, and Marcus E. RAICHLE (2009). “Neural Correlates of Admiration and Compassion”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(19): 8021-8026.

JAMES, William (1884). “What is an Emotion”, Mind, 9(34): 188-205.

LAKOFF, George (2016). “Language and Emotion”, Emotion Review, 8(3): 269-273.

LAKOFF, George and Mark JOHNSON (1980). “Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language”, The Journal of Philosophy, 77(8): 453-486.

LAZARUS, Richard S. and Bernice N. LAZARUS (2014). Passion and Reason: Making Sense of Our Emotions, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

NIETZSCHE, Friedrich (1997). Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality, trans. by R. J. Hollingdale, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

NIETZSCHE, Friedrich (1997). Untimely Meditations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

NUSSBAUM, Martha C. (2001). Upheavals of Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

ROBERTS, Robert C. (1989). “Aristotle on Virtues and Emotions”, Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 56(3): 293-306.

SARTRE, Jean-Paul (1993). The Emotions: Outline of a Theory, New York: Carol Publishing.

SCARANTINO, Andrea (2016). “The Philosophy of Emotions and Its Impact on Affective Science”, The Handbook of Emotions, pp. 3-49, London; New York: The Guildford Press.

SCHACHTER, Stanley and Jerome E. SINGER (1962). “Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State”, Psychological Review, 69(5): 379-399.

SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur (1995). On the Basis of Morality, trans. by E.F.J. Payne, Oxford: Berghahn.

SOLOMON, Robert C. (2003). What Is an Emotion, New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.

SOLOMON, Robert C. (2008). True to Our Feelings: What Our Emotions Are Really Telling Us, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

WEBERMAN, David (1996). “Sartre, Emotions, and Wallowing”, American Philosophical Quarterly, 33(4): 393-407.