Toplam Karma Yemle Beslenen Besi Sığırlarında Fiziksel Etkin Nötral Deterjan Lifin Büyüme Performansına ve Sindirilebilirlik Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışmada toplam karma rasyon (TMR) ile beslenen besi sığırlarında fiziksel etkin nötral deterjan lifin (peNDF) büyüme performansına ve sindirilebilirlik üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Altı aylık yaştaki toplam 54 Holstein erkek besi sığırı (ortalama ağırlıkları 280 kg), her biri 18’er hayvandan oluşan 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Yem bileşenleri TMR vagonuna; buğday samanı, yonca kuru otu, arpa, mısır, ayçiçeği küspesi, klasik besi yemi, mısır silajı, şeker pancarı posası ve katkı maddeleri sırası ile eklenmiştir. TMR hayvanlara günlük olarak sunulmuştur. Deneme grupları a) 7 dakika karışan TMR (T1); b) 14 dakika karışan TMR ve c) serbest seçenekli yemlemeden (SSY) oluşmuştur. T1 ve T2 grubuna verilen TMR’nin yem bileşenleri aynı iken karışma zamanları farklı olmuştur. Yonca kuru otu ve buzağı büyütme yemi SSY grubuna ayrı olarak sunulmuştur. Denemenin birinci ayı sonunda günlük yem tüketimi (GYT) ve günlük kuru madde tüketimi (GKMT) SSY grubunda önemli derecede düşük bulunmuştur. İkinci ayın sonunda günlük yem tüketimi ve kuru madde tüketimi T1 grubunda en yüksek bulunmuştur. TMR karıştırma süresinin 48 saat NDF (NDFD48) sindirimi ve 48 saat ADF (ADFD48) sindirimi üzerine etkisi olmamıştır. 1 kg canlı ağırlık artışı için rasyon maliyeti en az T2 grubunda saptanmış ve günlük yem tüketim maliyeti FCD grubunda T1 ve T2’ye göre düşük çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada karıştırma süresinin kuru madde tüketimi, canlı ağırlık artışı üzerine etkisi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

The Effects of Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fibre Content on Growth Performance and Digestibility in Beef Cattle Fed with Total Mixed Ration

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fibre (peNDF) content on growth performance and digestibility in beef cattle fed with total mix ration (TMR). A total of 54 six-month-old male Holstein beef cattle (averaged weight of 280 kg) were divided into 3 groups each consisting of 18 cattle. Feed ingredients were added to the TMR wagon as follows; wheat straw, alfalfa hay, barley, corn, cotton seed meal, conventional beef feeding, corn silage, beet pulp, molasses and feed additives. TMR was offered daily to animals. The dietary treatments included; a) TMR diet mixed for 7 min (T1); b) TMR diet mixed for 14 min (T2), and c) free choice diet (FCD). The same ingredients feeds of TMR was given to the T1 and T2 groups but in different mixed times. Alfalfa hay and calf grower feed were separately offered animals in FCD. End of first month of trial, the daily feed intake (DFI) and dry matter intake (DMI) were significantly lower in the cattle that received FCD. At the end of the second month, the daily feed intake and dry matter intake were the highest in T1 diets among all the groups. There was no significant effect of different mixing times on n 48-h NDF digestibility (NDFD48) and ADF (ADFD48) digestibility of TMR. The lowest ration cost of 1 kg daily gain was observed for T2 and the daily feed intake cost was lower for FCD group than T1 and T2. It was concluded that mixing time had an effect on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG).

PDF

___

1. Oelberg TJ, Stone W: Monitoring total mixed rations and feed delivery system. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 30, 721-744, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.08.003
2. Costa A, Agazzi A, Perricone V, Savoini G, Lazzari M, Nava S, Tangorra FM: Influence of different loading levels, cutting and mixing times on total mixed ration (TMR) homogeneity in a vertical mixing wagon during distribution: A case study. Italian J Anim Sci, 18, 1093-1098, 2019. DOI: 10.1080/1828051X.2019.1618742
3. Sova AD, LeBlanc SJ, McBride BW, DeVries TJ: Accuracy and precision of total mixed rations fed on commercial dairy farms. J Dairy Sci, 97, 562571, 2014. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6951
4. Linn JG: Management of TMR feeding Programs. Dairy Uptade Issue, 121, 7-15, 1995.
5. Lammers BP, Heinrichs AJ, Ishler VA: Use of total mixed rations for dairy cows. PennState Extension Issue, DAS 94-25; 2013.
6. Moya D, Mazzenga A, Holtshausen L, Cozzi G, Gonzalez LA, Calsamiglia S, Gibb DG, McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA, SchwartzkopfGenswein K: Feeding behavior and ruminal acidosis in beef cattle offered a total mixed ration or dietary components separately. J Anim Sci, 89, 520530, 2011. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3045
7. Oh MR, Hong H, Li HL, Jeon BT, Choi CH, Ding YL, Tang YJ, Kim EK, Jang SY, Seong HJ, Moon H: Effects of physically effective neutral detergent fibre content on intake, digestibility, and chewing activity in fattening heifer fed total mixed ration. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 29, 17191724, 2016. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0344
8. Zebeli Q, Aschenbach JR, Tafaj M, Boguhn J, Ametaj BN, Drochner W: Role of physically effective fibre and estimation of dietary fibre adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 95, 1041-1056, 2011. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4421
9. Poppi DP, Minson DJ, Ternouth JH: Studies of cattle and sheep eating leaf and stem fractions of grasses. I. The voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time in the reticulorumen. Crop Pasture Sci, 32, 99-108, 1981. DOI: 10.1071/AR9810099
10. NRC: Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 7th Rev. ed., National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA; 2000.
11. AOAC: Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. AOAC International. 15th ed., Arlington, VA, USA; 1990.
12. Goering HK, Van Soest PJ: Forage Fibre Analysis. Agric Handbook No, 379. Washington, DC (Agricultural Research Service) US, Department Agriculture, 1970.
13. Crampton EW, Maynard LA: The relation of cellulose and lignin content to nutritive value of animal feeds. J Nutr, 15, 383-395, 1938. DOI: 10.1093/jn/15.4.383
14. Vogel KP, Pedersen JF, Masterson SD, Toy JJ: Evaluation of a filter bag system for NDF, ADF, and IVDMD forage analysis. Crop Sci, 39, 276-279, 1999. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900010042X
15. Kononoff PJ, Heinrichs AJ: The effect of reducing alfalfa haylage particle size on cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 86, 1445-1457, 2003. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73728-X
16. Allen MS, Mertens DR: Evaluation constraints on fibre digestion by rumen microbes. J Nutr, 118, 261-270, 1988. DOI: 10.1093/jn/118.2.261
17. Dawson B, Trapp RG: Basic and Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd ed., Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York, USA, 89 (2): 131-153, 2001.
18. Gonzales FHD, Olmo DMD, Muino R, Benedito JL, Hernandez J, Castillo C, Pereira V: Feed sorting and intake affected by the physical form and composition of the total mixed ration in dairy cows. Rev Bras Saude Prod Anim, 16 (3), 736-745, 2015. DOI: 10.1590/S151999402015000300023
19. Tafaj M, Maulbetsch A, Zebeli Q, Steingass H, Drochner W: Effects of physically effective fibre concentration of diets consisting of hay and slowly degradable concentrate on chewing activity in mid lactation dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr, 59, 313-324, 2005. DOI: 10.1080/17450390500247840
20. Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA: Effects of physically effective fibre on chewing activity and ruminal pH of dairy cows fed diets based on barley silage. J Dairy Sci, 89, 217-228, 2006. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S00220302(06)72086-0
21. Liu YF, Sun FF, Wan FC, Zhao HB, Liu XM, You W, Cheng HJ, Liu GF, Tan XW, Song EL: Effects of three feeding systems on production performance, rumen fermentation and rumen digesta particle structure of beef cattle. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 29, 659-665, 2016. DOI: 10.5713/ ajas.15.0445
22. Jang SY, Kim EK, Park JH, Oh MR, Tang YJ, Ding YL, Seong HJ, Kim WH, Yun YS, Moon SH: Effects of physically effective neutral detergent fibre content on dry matter intake, digestibility, and chewing activity in Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae) fed with total mixed ration. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 30, 1405-1409, 2017. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0868
23. Park JH, Kim KH, Park PY, Jeon BT, Oh MR, Jang SY, Sung SH, Moon SH: Effects of physically effective neutral detergent fibre content on dry matter intake, digestibility and chewing activity in beef cattle fed total mixed ration. Anim Prod Sci, 55, 166-169, 2014. DOI: 10.1071/AN14241
24. Allen MS: Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 83, 1598-1624, 2000. DOI: 10.3168/jds. S0022-0302(00)75030-2
25. Kim DH, Choi SH, Park SK, Lee SS, Choi CW: Effect of corn grain particle size on ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of Holstein steers fed total mixed ration. Asian Australas J Anim Sci, 31 (1): 80-85. 2018. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0069
26. Zadeh AB: Investigation of ruminants digestibilit based on the particle size of nutritional materials. Bull Environ Pharmacol Life Sci, 3, 5962. 2014.
27. Mertens DR: Predicting intake and digestibility using mathematicalmodels of ruminal function. J Anim Sci, 64, 1548-1558, 1987. DOI: 10.2527/ jas1987.6451548x
28. Boudon A, Peyraud JL, Faverdin P, Delagarde R, Delaby L, Chaves AV: Effect of rumen fill on intake of fresh perennial ryegrass in young and mature dairy cows grazing or zero-grazing fresh perennial ryegrass. Animal, 3, 1706-1720, 2009. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731109990486
29. Ahmad S, Jabbar MA, Khalique A, Saima F, Shahzad N, Ahmad M, Fiaz M, Younas U: Effect of different levels of NDF on voluntary feed intake, dry matter digestibility and nutrients utilization ın dry nili ravi buffaloes. J Anim Plant Sci, 24, 1602-1605, 2014.
30. Esmaeili M, Khorvash M, Ghorbani, GR, Nasrollahi SM, Saebi M: Variation of TMR particle size and physical characteristics in commercial Iranian Holstein dairies and effects on eating behaviour, chewing activity, and milk production. Livest Sci, 191, 22-28, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j. livsci.2016.07.003
31. Shaver RD, Nytes AJ, Satter LD, Jorgenson NA: Influence of feed intake, forage physical form, and forage fibre content on particle size of masticated forage, ruminal digesta, and feces of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 71, 1566-1572 1988. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79720-9
32. Wang HR, Chen Q, Chen LM, Ge, RF, Wang MZ, Yu LH, Zhang J: Effects of dietary physically effective neutral detergent fiber content on the feeding behavior, digestibility, and growth of 8- to 10-monthold Holstein replacement heifers. J Dairy Sci, 100, 1161-1169, 2017. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10924
33. Greter AM, Prinsen M, Duffield TF, McBride BW, Widowski TM, DeVries TJ: Growing dairy heifers prefer supplementary long straw when fed a nutrient-dense ration in a limited amount. J Dairy Sci, 96, 3950-3958, 2013. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6625
34. Mertens DR: Creating a system for meeting the fibre requirements of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 80, 1463-1481, 1997. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S00220302(97)76075-2
35. Yansari AT, Valizadeh R, Naserian A, Christensen DA, Yu P, Shahroodi FE: Effects of alfalfa particle size and specific gravity on chewing activity, digestibility, and performance of Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 87, 3912-3924, 2004. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73530-4