Polistes gallicus (L.), Polistes nimpha (Christ) ve Vespula germanica (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Türlerinde zehir aygıtının ultramorfolojik karşılaştırılması

Bu çalışmada, Polistes gallicus (Linneaus, 1767), Polistes nimpha (Christ, 1791) ve Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) türlerinin zehir aygıtının morfolojileri Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobunda (SEM) (LEO 440) 20 kV’de incelendi. Türlerin zehir aygıtının yapısı karşılaştırıldı. Örnekler, araziden toplanarak uygun koşullarda laboratuara getirildi. Örneklerin zehir bezi ve iğnesi, stereomikroskop altında çıkarıldı. Örneklerden alınan doku örnekleri elektron mikroskobu yöntemine göre hazırlandı. Polistes gallicus (L.) türünün zehir bezi aparatında, kaslı ve yuvarlak yapıda salgı kesesi, kavisli ve sivrilmiş zehir iğnesi ve zehir iğnesinden kısa olan palplerin ucunda yoğun tüyler gözlendi. Polistes nimhpa (Christ) türünde kaslı, uzunluğuna oval şekilli zehir kesesi, ucu ventrale doğru kıvrılmış zehir iğnesi ve zehir iğnesinden kısa olan palplerin uç kısmında uzun ve sık yerleşmiş tüylerin bulunduğu tespit edildi. Vespula germanica (Fab.) türünde ise kaslı ve oval yapıda salgı kesesi, ucu küt olan bir zehir iğnesi ve zehir bezinden daha uzun olan palplerin kaideden itibaren tamamen tüylü yapıda olduğu gözlendi. Morfolojik varyasyonların taksonomik açıdan önem taşıdığı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Polistes gallicus, zehir, zehir bezleri, taramalı elektron mikroskopi, Vespula germanica, Vespidae, Polistes dominulus, Hymenoptera

The ultramorphological Comparison of The Venom Apparatus of Polistes gallicus (L.), Polistes dominulus (Christ) and Vespula germanica (Fab.) (Vespidae: Hymenoptera)

In this study, the morphology of the venom apparatus of species of Polistes gallicus (Linneaus,1767), Polistes nimpha (Christ, 1791) and Vespula germanica (Fabricius,1793) were examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (LEO 440) at 20 kV and compared the structure of the venom apparatus of the species. Samples were collected from different areas and brought to laboratory in appropriate circumtances. The venom apparatus (glands) of wasps and needles were removed under the stereomicroscope. Samples of tissues from the wasps were prepared to the method of electron microscopy. At the venom apparatus of Polistes gallicus (L.), it was observed that: The poison sac was in a muscular structure and round shape, the poison sting needles were curved at basal and sharply pointed, the palps were shorter than the sting, there were short dense hairs on apex of the palps. At the venom apparatus of Polistes nimpha (Christ), it was noticed that the poison sac was muscular, in an oval shape and lengthwise, the tip of poison sting was curled on apex towards ventral, the palps were shorter than the sting, the terminal of palps was covered with long and heavy feathers. At the venom apparatus of Vespula germanica (Fab.), it was found that the poison sac structure was muscular, in oval and circle shaped, the apex of the sting was stubby, the palps covered with long and fully feathers from basal to apex were longer than the sting. It is considered that morphological variation in terms of taxonomy is very important.

Keywords:

Polistes gallicus, venoms, venom glands, scanning electron microscopy, Vespula germanica, Vespidae, Polistes dominulus, Hymenoptera,

PDF

___

1. Gauld I, Bolton B: The Hymenoptera. British Museum (Natural History), Oxford Un. Pres, Londra, 1998.
2. Snodgrass RE: Principles of Insect Morphology. Mcgraw Hill Book Company, Newyork, Londra, 1935.
3. Van Marle J, Piek T: Morghology of the venom apparatus. In, Piek T (Ed): Venoms of Hymenoptera. pp. 1-16, Akademic Press, Londra, 1986.
4. Reed HC, Akre RD: Morphological comparisons between the obligate social parasite, Vespula austriaca (Panzer), and its host, Vespula acadica (Sladen) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Psyche, 89, 183-195, 1982.
5. Hermann HR, Chao JT: Morphology of the venom apparatus of Mischocyttarus mexicanus cubicola (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae). J Ga Entomol Soc, 19, 339-344, 1984.
6. Barr-Nea L, Rosenberg P, Ishay J: The venom apparatus of Vespa orientalis: Morphology and cytology. Toxicon, 14 (1): 65-68, 1976.
7. Uçkan F: The morphology of the venom apparatus and histology of venom gland of Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hym; Ichneumonidae) females. Turk J Zool, 23, 461-466, 1999.
8. Britto FB, Caetano FH: Ultramorphological analysis of the venom glands and their histochemical relationship with the convoluted glands in the primitive social paper wasp Polistes versicolor (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J Venom AnimToxins Incl Trop Dis, 11 (2): 160-174, 2005.
9. Billen J: Morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour gland in workers of social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Arthropod Structure& Development, 35, 77-84, 2006.
10. Jeanne RL, Downing HA, Post DC: Morphology and function of sternal glands in polistine wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoomorphology, 103, 149-164, 1983.
11. Wenseleers T, Schoeters E, Billen J, Wehner R: Distribution and comparative morphology of the cloacal gland in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Int J Insect Morphol Embrol, 27 (2): 121-128, 1998.
12. Billen J: Morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufor’s venom gland in the ant Myrmecia gulosa (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust J Zool, 38, 305-15, 1990.
13. Packer L: Comparative morphology of the skeletal parts of the sting apparatus of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidae). Zool J Linn Soc-Lond, 138, 1-38, 2003.
14. Vårdal H: Venom gland and reservoir morphology in cynipoid wasps. Arthropod Structure & Development, 35, 127-136, 2006.
15. Areekul B, Zaldivar-Riverón A, Quicke DLJ: Venom gland and reservoir morphology of the genus Pseudoyelicones van Achterberg, Penteado-Dias & Quicke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) and implications for relationships. Zool Med Leiden, 78 (4): 119-122, 2004.
16. Kırpık MA, Gül S, Nur G, İnak S, Çilingir M, Aldemir A, Bağrıaçık N: A study on karyotypes of two species of Anoplius (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) in Kars plateau, Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 15 (4): 591- 593, 2009.
17. Hayat MA: Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy: Biological Applications. 4th ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000.
18. Maschwitz UWJ, Kloft W: Morphology and function of the venom apparatus of insects- bees, wasps, ants and caterpillars. In, Bücherl W, Buckley E (Eds): Venomous Animals and Their Venoms. pp. 1-60, New York, Academic Press, 1971.
19. Schoeters E, Billen J: Morphology and ultastructure of a secretory region enclosed by the venom reservoir in social wasps (Insecta, Hyemenoptera). Zoomorphology, 115, 63-71, 1995.