The study was conducted on 18 laying hens from Lohman Brown at 23 weeks of age. There were two research groups and one control group with six animals each. In the last four weeks of age, the animals were fed follows: Control group (Group C) complete diet; Group I diet containing zinc added via the biosorption process and; Group II: diet containing zinc as an organic chelate complex. The levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate, butyrate, iso-valeriate and valeriate were determined. It was observed that using a diet with additives obtained via biosorption does not have a negative influence on fermentation processes in the hen’s caecum.
Çalışma 23 haftalık, 18 adet Lohman Brown ırkı yumurtacı tavuklarda yürütülmüştür. Araştırma altışarlı iki deney ve bir kontrol grubuyla yapılmıştır. Hayvanlar süreç içerisinde son dört haftada, aşağıdaki gibi beslenmiştir: Kontrol grubu (C) sadece yem; grupI çinko içeren biosorpsiyon prosesi ile, Grup II: organik şelat kompleksi olarak çinko içeren yemlerle beslenmişlerdir. Asetat, propiyonat, izo-bütirat, bütirat, izo-valeriat ve valeriat gibi kısa zincirli yağ asitlerinin düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Burada katkı maddeleri ilave edilmiş yem kullanarak oluşturulan biozorpsiyonun tavuk körbarsağında fermantasyon prosesine olumsuz bir etkisinin olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir.
___
1. Welch RM, Graham RD: Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutrition perspective. J Exp Bot, 55, 353-364, 2004.
2. Kania M, Mikolajewska D, Marycz K, Kobielarz M: Efect of diet on mechanical properties of horses hair. Acta Bio and Biom,11 (3): 55-57, 2009.
3. Hotz C, Brown KH: Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control. Food Nutr Bull, 25, 94-204, 2004.
4. Mubarik A, Tsou SCS: Combating micronutrient deficiencies through vegetables - A neglected food frontier in Asia. Food Policy, 22, 17-38, 1997.
5. Prakash S: Incorporating nutritional considerations when addressing food insecurity. Food Secur, 1, 431-440, 2009.
6. Michalak I, Chojnacka K, Dobrzański Z, Górecki H, Zielińska A, Korczyński M, Opaliński S: Efect of macroalgae enriched with micro- elements on egg, quality paramateres and mineral contents of eggs, eggshell, blood, feathers and droppings. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 95, 374-387, 2011.
7. Janeczek M, Chojnacka K, Chrószcz A, Zielińska A: New generation of dietary supplements with microelements for livestock: Possibilities and prospects. In, Javed MT (Ed): Livestock: Rearing, Farming Practices and Diseases. 17-44, NOVA Science Publisher, New York, 2011.
8. Kaya A, Kaya H, Macit M, Çelebi Ş, Esenbŭga N, Yörük MA, Karaoğlu M: Efects of dietary inclusion of plant extract mixture and copper into layer diets on egg yield and quality, yolk cholesterol and fatty acid composition. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 19 (4): 673-679, 2013. DOI: 10.9775/ kvfd.2013.8644
9. Michalak I, Chojnacka K, Marycz K: Using ICP-OES and SEM-EDX in biosorption studies. Microchimica Acta, 172 (1-2): 65-74, 2011.
10. Witkowska Z, Chojnacka K, Korczyński M, Świniarska M, Saeid A, Opaliński S, Dobrzański Z: Soybean meal enriched with microelements by biosorption - A new biological feed supplement for laying hens. Part I. Performance and egg traits. Food Chem, 151, 86-92, 2014.
11. Nicholson FA, Chambers BJ, Williams JR, Unwin RJ: Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wales. Bioresour Technol, 70, 23-31, 1999.
12. Mosenthin R, Broz J: Mineral digestibility and environmental issues. Efficacy and interactions of phytases. Livestock Scien , 134, 258-260, 2010.
13. Aksu T, Özsoy B, Saripinar Aksu D, Yörük MA, Gül M: The efects of lower levels of organically complexed zinc, copper and manganese in broiler diets on performance, mineral concentration of tibia and mineral excretion. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 17 (1): 141-146, 2011.
14. Kania M, Mikolajewska D, Marycz K, Kobielarz M: Efect of diet on mechanical properties of horses hair, Acta Bioeng Biomech , 11 (3): 53-57, 2009.
15. Sarıpınar Aksu D, Aksu T, Özsoy B: The effect of lower supplementation levels of organically complexed minerals (zinc, copper and manganese) versus inorganic forms on haematological and biochemical parameters in broilers. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16 (4): 553-559, 2010.
16. Chojnacka K: Biosorption of Cr (III) ions by eggshells. J Hazardous Materials, B121: 167-173, 2005.
17. Chojnacka K: Using biosorption to enrich the biomass of seaweeds from the Baltic Sea with microelements to produce mineral feed supplement for livestock. Bio Eng J, 39, 246-257, 2008.
18. Witek-Krowiak A, Podstawczyk D, Chojnacka K, Dawiec A, Marycz K: Modelling and optimization of chromium (III) biosorption on soybean meal, Central European J Chem , 11 (9): 1505-1517,2013.
19. Janeczek M, Chojnacka K, Nezir YT, Pecka E, Czerski A, Witkowska Z, Chrószcz A, Korczyński M: The Efect of Cu +2, Fe +2 and Cr+3 in Mineral Additives Enriched with Biosorption Process Form on Chosen Parameters of in vitro Caecal Fermentation in Laying Hens (Lohman Brown). J Anim Vet Adv, 21, 3991-3998, 2012.
20. Kosiorowska A, Puggaard L, Hedemann MS, Sehested J, Jensen SK, Kristensen NB, Kuropka P, Marycz K, Vestergaard M: Gastro- intestinal development of dairy calves fed low- or high-starch concentrate at two milk allowances. Animal 5 (2): 211-219, 2011.
21. Starosta R, Brzuszkiewicz A, Bykowska A, Komarnicka UK, Bazanow B, Florek M, Gadzala L, Jackulak N, Krol J, Marycz K: A novel copper(I) complex, [CuI(2,2 -biquinoline)P(CH2N(CH2CH2)(2)O)(3)] - Synthesis, characterisation and comparative studies on biological activity. Polyhedron 50 (1): 481-489, 2013.
22. Kalinski K, Marycz K, Czogala J, Serwa E, Janeczek W: An application of scanning electron microscopy combined with roentgen microanalysis (SEM-EDS) in canine urolithiasis. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo), 61 (1): 47- 55, 2012.
23. StatSoft Polska: Kraków, Statistica 9.0 software.
24. Ricke SC, Park SY, Moore RW, Kwon YM, Woodward CL, Byrd JA, Nisbet DJ, Kubena LF: Feeding low calcium and zinc molt diets sustains gastrointestinal fermentation and limits Salmonella Enterica serovar enteritidis colonization in laying hens. J Food Safety, 24, 291-308, 2004.
25. Van Der Wielen PWJJ, Biesterveld S, Notermans S, Hofstra H, Urlings BAP, Van Knapen F: Role of volatile fatty acids in development of the cecal microfora in broiler chickens during growth. Am Soc Micr, 66 (6): 2536-2540, 2000.
26. Józefiak D, Rutkowski A, Martin SA: Carbohydrate fermantation in the avian ceca: A review. Anim Food Sci Tech , 113, 1-15, 2004.
27. Lan Y, Williams BA, Verstegen MWA, Patterson R, Tamminga S: Soy oligosaccharides in vitro fermentation characteristics and its efect on caecal microorganisms of young broiler chickens. Anim Food Sci Tech, 133, 286-297, 2006.
28. Chotikatum S, Kramomthong I, Angkanaporn K: Efects of medium chain fatty acids, organic acids and fructo-oligosaccharide on Cecal Slmonella enteritidis colonization and intestinal parmeters of broilers. Thai J Vet Med, 39 (3): 245-258, 2009.
29. Marunek M, Rada V: Age effect on in vitro fermentation pattern and methane production in the caeca of chickens. Physiol Res, 47, 259- 263, 1998.
30. Saengkerdsub S, Woo-Kyun K, Robin C, Anderson DJ, Nisbet S, Ricke C: Effects of nitrocompounds and feedstuffs on in vitro methane production in chicken cecal contents and fuid. Anaerobe, 12, 85-92, 2006.
31. Donalson LM, Kim WK, Chalova VI, Herrera P, McReynolds JL, Gotcheva VG, Vidanović D, Woodward CL, Kubena LF, Nisbet DJ, Ricke SC: In vitro fermentation response of laying hen cecal bacteria to combinations of fructooligosacharide prebiotics with alfalfa or a layer ration. Poul Sci, 87, 1263-1275, 2008.
32. Meimandipour A, Shuhaimi M, Soleimani AF, Azhar K, Hair-Bejo M, Kabeir BM, Javanmard A, Muhammad Anas O, Yazid AM: Selected microbal groups and short-chain fatty acids profile in a simulated chicken cecum supplemented with two strains of Lactobacillus. Poul Sci, 89, 470- 478, 2010.
33. Kirgchgessner M, Eder K, Müller HL, Jamroz D: Zur energetichen bewertung von nichtstärke polisacchariden beim gefügel. J Anim Nutr, 81, 8151-8155, 1999.
34. Mead GC: Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of birds. In, Mackie RJ, White BA, Isaacson RE (Eds): Gastrointestinal Microbiology. 216-240, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1997.
35. Tsukahara T, Ushida K: Efects of animal or plant protein diets on cecal fermentation in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), rats (Rattus norvegicus) and chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus). Com Bioch Phys Part A, 127, 139- 146, 2000.
36. Bou R, Guardiola FA, Barroeta C, Codony R: Efect of dietary fat sources and zinc and selenium supplements on the composition and consumer acceptability of chicken meat. Poul Sci, 84, 1129-1140, 2005.
37. Bao YM, Choct M, Iji PA, Bruerton K: The digestibility of organic trace minerals along the small intestine in broiler chickens. Asian-Aus J Anim Sci, 23 (1): 90-97, 2010.