İkinci bir dil öğrenmenin birinci dil üzerine etkisi: Artan üst dilbilimsel farkındalık örneği

Bu çalışma iki dilli Türklerin genel şart cümlelerinin dil bilgisi olarak doğruluğunu tek dilli Türklerden farklı olarak değerlendirip değerlendirmediğini test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bassetti ve Cook (2011) ve Bialystok (2001) iki dilli olmanın getirilerinden birisinin üst dilbilimsel farkındalıkta artma olduğunu iddia ederler. Buna uygun olarak, bu çalışma iki dilli Türklerin üst dilbilimsel farkındalığının artmış olup olmadığını araştırmaktadır. 20 dil bilgisi değerlendirme görevi veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Katılımcılar üniversite mezunu 15 tek dilli Türk ve İngilizce konuşan 15 iki dilli Türk‟tür. Katılımcıların cevapları hem betimleyici istatistiklerle hem de SPSS ile değerlendirilmiştir. Analizler göstermiştir ki tek dilli ve iki dilli Türkler arasında Türkçe koşullu cümle yapılarını değerlendirme açısından önemli derecede fark vardır. Bu sonuç ikinci bir dil öğrenmenin iki dilli kişilerin birinci dili üzerinde etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu, iki dilli kişilerin dil bilgisi açısından kendine özgü bir grup olduğuna işaret eder.

The effects of learning a second language on the first: The case of increased metalinguistic awareness

The present study aims to test if Turkish L2 users of English judge the grammaticality of generic/habitual realconditionals in Turkish differently compared to Turkish monolinguals. Bassetti and Cook (2011) and Bialystok(2001) claim that one of the outcomes of being a bilingual is an increase in metalinguistic awareness.Accordingly, this study investigates if Turkish L2 users have an increased metalinguistic awareness. 20grammaticality judgment tasks are analysed in data analysis. The participants are university-graduate 15 Turkishmonolinguals and 15 Turkish L2 users of English. The responses are evaluated via both descriptive statistics andalso SPSS. The analysis indicates that the difference between the monolinguals and L2 users in the judgement ofTurkish conditionals is a statistically significant one. This result suggests that learning an L2 has an effect on theL1 of L2 users. This implies that L2 users are a distinctive group of people with regard to their languageknowledge.

PDF

___

Aarts, B. (2011) Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press.
Akkaya, G. & Atar, C. (2015). An analysis of code-switching in Turkish EFL classroom interaction. Annual Review of Education, Communication and Language Sciences, 12, 53-77.
Altmisdort, G. (2016) The Effects of L2 Reading Skills on L1 Reading Skills through Transfer. English Language Teaching, 9(9), 28-35.
Atar, C., Erdem, C. and Koçyiğit, M. (2017) Experiences of international graduate and postgraduate students in the United Kingdom: problems, expectations and suggestions. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 57, 227-244.
Bassetti, B. and Cook, V. J. (2011) Relating language and cognition: The second language user. In V.J. Cook and B. Bassetti (ed.) Language and Bilingual Cognition (pp. 143-191). East Sussex: Psychology Press.
Bialystok, E. (2001) Bilingualism in Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, X., Anderson, R. C., Li, W., Hao, M., Wu, X., and Shu, H. (2004). Phonological awareness of bilingual and monolingual Chinese children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 142-151.
Cook, V. J. (1991) The poverty-of-the-stimulus argument and multi-competence. Second Language Research 7 (2), 103-117.
Cook, V. J. (2002) Background to the L2 user. In V.J. Cook (ed.) Portraits of the L2 user (pp. 1-28). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Cook, V. J. (2003) „Introduction: The Changing L1 in the L2 User‟s Mind.‟ In Cook, V.J. (ed.) Effects of Second Language on the First (pp. 1-19). Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
Cook, V. J. (2011) Linguistic relativity and language learning. In V.J. Cook and B. Bassetti (ed.) Language and Bilingual Cognition (143-191). East Sussex: Psychology Press.
Cook, V.J., Iarossi, E., Stellakis, N., and Tokumaru, Y. (2003) Effects of the L2 on the syntactic processing of the L1. In Cook, V.J. (ed.) (2003) Effects of Second Language on the First (p. 193- 214). Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
Cromdal, J. (2001). Overlap in Bilingual Play: Some Implications of Code-Switching for Overlap Resolution. Research on Language and Social Interaction 34 (4): 421–51.
Dornyei, Z. (2007) Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Golato, A. (2003) Studying compliment responses: A comparison of DCTs and recordings of naturally occurring talk. Applied Linguistics 24(1): 90-121.
Guasti, M. T. (2004) Language Acquisition: The growth of grammar. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Han, Y. (2000). Grammaticality judgment tests: How reliable are they? Applied Language Learning, 11(1), 177–204.
Hartsuiker R. J., Pickeringm M.J., and Veltkamp, E. (2004) Is syntax separate or shared between languages? Cross-linguistic syntactic priming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Psychological Science 16(6): 409-14.
Huddleston, R. and Pullum, G.K. (2002) The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jessner, U. (2002) The Dynamic Model of Multilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Kecskes, I. and Papp, T. (2000) Foreign Language and Mother Tongue. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kecskes, I. and Papp, T. (2003) How to demonstrate the conceptual effect of L2 on L1? Methods and techniques. In Cook, V.J. (ed.) Effects of Second Language on the First (pp. 247-266). Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
Kerslake, C. and Goksel, A. (2005) Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routlage.
Laufer, B. (2003) The Influence of L2 on L1 Collocational Knowledge and on L1 Lexical Diversity in Free Written Expression. In Cook, V.J. (ed.) Effects of Second Language on the First (pp. 19-32). Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
Lewis, G. (2000) Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Liu, P. and Ni, C. (2016) Effects of L2 on the L1 at Semantic Level: An Empirical Study. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 7(2), 425-431.
Macaro, E. (2005) Codeswitching in the L2 classroom: A communication and learning strategy. In E. Llurda (ed.) Non-Native Language Teachers: Perceptions, Challenges and Contributions to the Profession (pp. 63-84) Boston, MA: Springer.
Magiste, E. (1986) Selected issues in second and third language learning. In J. Vaid (ed.) Language Processing in Bilinguals: Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic Perspectives (pp. 97-122). Hillsdale: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Makarec, K. and Persinger, M. (1993) Bilingual men, but not women display verbal memory weakness but not figural memory differences compared to monolinguals. Personality and Individual Differences 15 (5), 531-536.
McGuinness, D. (2005). Language development and learning to read. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Paltridge, B. and Phakiti, A. (2010) Continuum Companion to Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Pinto, M. (2014) Selected Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition North America (GALANA 2012), ed. Chia-Ying Chu et al., 79-89. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project
Porte, G. (2003) English from a Distance: Code-mixing and Blending in the L1 Output of Long-Term Resident Overseas EFL Teachers. In Cook, V.J. (ed.) Effects of Second Language on the First (pp. 103-120). Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
Randsdell, S.E. and Fischler, I. (1987) Memory in a monolingual mode: when are bilinguals at a disadvantage.Journal of Memory and Language 26, 392-405.
Ross, S., Seedhouse, P. and Richards, K. (2012) Research Methods for Applied Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge.
Schütze, C. T. (1996). The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgments and linguistics methodology. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
Selinker, L. (1972) Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics (3), 209-231.
Sorace, A. (1996). The use of acceptability judgments in second language acquisition research. In W. C. Ritchie & T. K. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 375–409). San Diego, CA: Academic.
Sorace, A., & Keller, F. (2005) Gradience in linguistic data. Lingua, 115(11), 1497–1524.
Tremblay, A. (2005) Theoretical and methodological perspectives on the use of grammaticality judgment tasks in linguistic theory. Second Language Studies, 24(1), pp. 129-167.
Van Hell. J.G. and Djikstra, T. (2002) Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,9, pp. 780-789.
White, L. (2003). Second language acquisition and Universal Grammar. New York: Cambridge University.