Bir Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Örtülü Operasyonlar: ABD’nin Sovyet-Afgan Savaşına Müdahalesi (1979-1989)

“Örtülü operasyon” olgusu, zihinlerde mistik ve kurgusal örgülere dayanan komplovari teorilerle bezenmiş bir algıya dayanmaktadır. Bu algı, Türk yazın dünyasında örtülü operasyon faaliyetlerinin biyografi, anı ve roman türlerinde kaleme alınırken; akademik literatürde ihmaline sebebiyet vermektedir. Oysa örtülü operasyon kavram ve olgusu, varsayılanın aksine bir polisiye avantür yahut askeri operasyondan ibaret bir alan değildir. Örtülü operasyon, istihbaratın tüm farklı alanlarında icra edilen; askeri misyonlardan ekonomik ve endüstriyel casusluğa, siyasi veya vekil savaşlarına müdahalelerden psikolojik harekatlara uzanan geniş bir yelpazede işlev görmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın, üç temel hedefi vardır. Birincisi; örtülü operasyonun gizemsel kanaatlerden ziyade, bilimsel metodoloji ve öğretilere dayanan bir akademik çalışma olarak ele alınması zaruretini ortaya koymaktır. İkincisi; teoride ve uygulamada örtülü operasyonların çoklu işlevlerini izah etmek suretiyle, özellikle devletlerin bir dış politika aracı olarak örtülü operasyonları nasıl fonksiyonel kıldıklarını göstermektir. Üçüncüsü; ilk iki hususu daha anlaşılır ve perçinleyici kılmak üzere, Afganistan vakası özelinde devlet/devlet-dışı aktörlerin icra ettiği örtülü operasyon faaliyetlerinin maksat ve muhteviyatına ışık tutmaktır. Bu minvalde çalışmanın vaka bazlı temel sorunsalı, bir dış politika unsuru olarak araçsallaştırılan örtülü operasyonların kısa vadede olumlu kazanımlar; uzun vadede devletlerin dış politika yapım süreçlerinde menfi etkiler yaratıp yaratmadığıdır. Diğer bir ifadeyle, çalışma şu soruya ışık tutmaktadır: “Afganistan, örtülü operasyonların tahmin edilemeyen sonuçları itibarıyla, kısa vadeli kazanımların uzun vadeli sorunlara yol açtığı bir örnek vaka mıdır?”

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Örtülü Operasyon, Gizli Faaliyetler, İstihbarat, ABD, Afganistan.

Covert Operations as a Foreign Policy Tool: U.S. Involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)

The phenomenon of “covert actions” is mostly based on a perception adorned by outlandish conspiracy theories based on mystical narratives and fictional plots. While this perception is presented in the genres of biographies, memoirs, and novels of covert operations, especially in the Turkish literary world, it remains as a neglected theme in academic literature. However, the phenomenon of covert operations, contrary to the common assumptions, is not an issue consisting of detective-adventures, else assigned only to military units. On the contrary, the role of covert action involves conducting a wide range of intelligence tasks such as facilitating military missions, economic and industrial espionage, psychological warfare, political or proxy wars interventions. This paper, therefore, has three main objectives. First, it aims to indicate the necessity of examining covert operations as academic research that relies on fundamental principles of scientific methodology, rather than mystical assumptions. Second, this study attempts to reveal how some states -particularly the U.S.- carry out covert operations as a tool of foreign policy leverage, by explaining its’ multifunctional roles both in theoretical and practical terms. Third, this paper, to reinforce a comprehensive understanding of the concept and phenomenon of covert operations, explores the driving forces and key objectives of the state/non-state actors who conducted or provided support to the covert operations carried out in Afghanistan. Accordingly, the case-based question of this study is whether the covert operations that are utilized as foreign policy instruments resulted in success are short duration only, since states experience some negative impacts of the covert actions on the foreign policy-making processes as a long-term consequence. Thus, this study sheds light on the question: “If Afghanistan is an example of short-term gain causing long-term problems owing to unanticipated consequences of covert actions?”

Keywords:

Covert Operations, Clandestine Activities, Intelligence, USA, Afghanistan. ,

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İstihbarat Çalışmaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi-Cover

ISSN: 2822-3349
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
Başlangıç: Haziran 2022
Yayıncı: Terörizm ve Radikalleşme ile Mücadele Araştırma Merkezi Derneği

Arşiv

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Ömer TOMAK ve Kaan Kutlu ATAÇ

Bir Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Örtülü Operasyonlar: ABD’nin Sovyet-Afgan Savaşına Müdahalesi (1979-1989)

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