Turizmin Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Çevresel Etkileri ile İlgili Algıların Girişimcilik Niyeti Üzerine Etkisi

Turizm hareketleri, turistlerin bulundukları destinasyonda yaşayan insanlarla karşılıklı etkileşimine sebep olup ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel değişimler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, turizm hareketlerinin gerçekleştiği kırsal alanlarda, yerel halkın turizmin ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel etkileri konusundaki algılarının girişimcilik niyetleri üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmeye çalışılmasıdır. Araştırma Bolu İlinin turizm çekiciliklerine sahip olan Mudurnu İlçesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Mudurnu’da ilçe merkezinde yaşayan 515 kişi ile anket tekniği kullanılarak bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen araştırma sonucunda yerel halkın turizmin ekonomik etkileri ile ilgili algıları arttıkça daha fazla girişimcilik niyeti içinde oldukları tespit edilmiştir.

The Influence of the Perception Related to the Economic, Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism on Entrepreneurship Intention

Tourism mobility creates economic, social and cultural changes by the interaction of the tourists with the local people living in tourism destination. The aim of this study is to try to determine the influence of the perception related to the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism on entrepreneurship intention in the rural areas where the tourism movements take place. The research was carried out in Mudurnu District, which has tourism attractions in Bolu Province. In this context, a survey was conducted with 515 people living in the district center in Mudurnu using questionnaire technique. The obtained data were analyzed by Structural Equation Model. As a result of the survey, it was determined that the more local people perceive the economic effects of tourism, the more entrepreneurial intentions they have.

___

  • Adiyia, B., De Rademaeker, S., Vanneste, D., and Ahebwa, W. M. (2017). “Understanding Local Entrepreneurship and Small Enterprises in The Tourism– Development Nexus: The Case of Western Uganda”, Development Southern Africa, Vol. 34, No. 1, 105-120.
  • Akova, O. (2006). “Yerel Halkın Turizmin Etkilerini Algılamalarına ve Tutumlarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, Cilt. 1, Sayı: 2.
  • Ateljevic, J. (2009). “Tourism Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: Example from NewZealand”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 15, No. 3, 282-308.
  • Ateljevic, I. and Doorne, S. (2003). “Unpacking The Local: A Cultural Analysis of Tourism Entrepreneurship in Murter, Croatia”, Tourism Geographies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 123-150.
  • Barr, T. (1990). “From Quirky Islanders to Entrepreneurial Magnates: The Transition of the Whitsundays”, Journal of Tourism Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, 26–32.
  • Beeton, S. (2002). “Entrepreneurship in Rural Tourism? Australian Landcare Programs as A Destination Marketing Tool”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 41, 206-209. Bolu Valiliği (2016). www.bolu.gov.tr/brifing-okuyucu?file=nufus_yapisi?ext=docx erişim: 05.04.2016
  • Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Routledge, New York.
  • Brunner-Sperdin, A. and Peters, M. (2005). “Importance and Measurement of Entrepreneurial Quality and Processes in Tourism”, Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, Vol. 5, No. 1, 73-90.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Kahveci, Ö., ve Demirel, F. (2004). “Güdülenme ve Öğrenme Stratejileri Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, Cilt. 4, Sayı: 2, 207-239.
  • Dana, L. P., Gurau, C. and Lasch, F. (2014). “Entrepreneurship, Tourism and Regional Development: A Tale of Two Villages”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol. 26, No. 3-4, 357-374.
  • Din, K. (1992). “The ‘Involvement Stage’ in The Evolution of A Tourist Destination”, Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 17, 10–20.
  • Echtner, C. M. (1995). “Entrepreneurial Training in Developing Countries”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, 119–134.
  • Eser, G. ve Yıldız, M. L. (2015). “Türkiye’de Girişimcilik Araştırmalarının Odağı Nedir? –Yazın Üzerine Bir İnceleme–”, Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, Cilt. 11, Sayı: 43, 91-117.
  • Gartner, W. (1999) “Small Scale Enterprises in The Tourism Industry in Ghana’s Central Region”. D. G. Pearce & R. W. Butler (Eds.), Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development, London, Routledge.
  • Getz, D. (1994), “Residents’ Attitudes Toward Tourism: A Longitudinal Study in Spey Valley, Scotland”, Tourism Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, 247-258.
  • Getz, D., and Carlsen, J. (2000). “Characteristics and Goals of Family and Owner- Operated Businesses in The Rural Tourism and Hospitality Sectors”, Tourism Management, Vol. 21, No. 6, 547 –560.
  • Gürbüz, A. (2002). “Turizmin Sosyal Çevreye Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Teknoloji, Sayı. 1-2, 45-49.
  • Höckert, E. (2009). Sociocultural Sustainability of Rural Community-Based Tourism, Lapland University Press, Rovaniemi.
  • Hubertus, J. (2000) KMU-Statistik: Hotels, Restaurants und Gaststätten, Eurostat: Europäische Gemeinschaft, Luxemburg.
  • Jaafar, M., Dahalan, N. and Rosdi, S. A. M. (2014) “Local Community Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of the Lenggong Valley”, Asian Social Science, Vol. 10, No. 10, 226-235.
  • Jaafar, M., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., and Lonik, K. A. T. (2015). “Tourism Growth and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Analysis of Development of Rural Highlands”. Tourism Management Perspectives, Vol. 14, 17-24.
  • Kaspar, C. (1989) “The Significance of Enterprise Culture for Tourism Enterprises”, The Tourist Review, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2-4.
  • Kibedi, G. (1979) “Development of Tourism Entrepreneurs in Canada”, The Tourist Review, Vol. 34, No. 2, 9-11.
  • Kickul, J. and D'Intino, R. S. (2005). “Measure for Measure: Modeling Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy onto Instrumental Tasks within The New Venture Creation Process”, New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 8, No. 2, 39-47.
  • Koh, K. (1996) “The Tourism Entrepreneurial Process: A Conceptualisation and Implications for Research and Development”, The Tourist Review, Vol. 51, No. 4, 24-41.
  • Koh, K. Y. (2014). “Mapping the Tourism Entrepreneurial Process: A Sampling from Connecticut, USA”, Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, Vol. Spring-Fall, 1- 12.
  • Kokkranikal, J. and Morrison, A. (2002). “Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Tourism: The Houseboats of Kerala”, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 4, 7-20.
  • Li, L. (2008). “A Review of Entrepreneurship Research Published in The Hospitality And Tourism Management Journals”, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, No. 5, 1013-1022.
  • McKenna, B., Zacher, H., Ardabili, F. S., and Mohebbi, H. (2016). “Career Adapt- Abilities Scale-Iran Form: Psychometric properties and relationships with career satisfaction and entrepreneurial intentions”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 93, 81-91.
  • McKercher, B. (1999) “A Chaos Approach to Tourism”, Tourism Management, Vol. 20, 425-434.
  • Meyer M., Libaers, D., Thijs, B., Grant, K., Glanzel, W. and Debackere, K. (2014). “Origin and Emergence of Entrepreneurship as a Research Field”, Scientometric, Vol. 98, 473-485.
  • Örücü, E., Kılıç, R., ve Yılmaz, Ö. (2007). “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Eğilimlerinde Ailesel Faktörlerin Etkisi”, Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, Cilt. 2, Sayı: 2, 27-47.
  • Peters, M. and Kallmuenzer, A. (2018). “Entrepreneurial Orientation in Family Firms: the Case of The Hospitality Industry”, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 21, No. 1, 21-40.
  • Rathore, A. S., Joseph, J., Raina, A. K., and Rai, S. K. (2014). A Study of “Tourism Entrepreneurship in Rajasthan” With Special Reference to Japanese Tourists”, International Journal of Research in Management & Social Science, Vol. 17., No. 4, 17-22.
  • Russell, R. and Faulkner, B. (2004) “Entrepreneurship, Chaos and The Tourism Area Lifecycle”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 31, No. 3, 556–579.
  • Schumacker, R. E. and Lomax, R. G. (2004). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling, 2nd Edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, U.S.A.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A. and Stage, A. (2006), “Reporting Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results, A Review”, Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 99, No. 6, 323-337.
  • Siemens, L. (2010). “Challenges, Responses and Available Resources: Success in Rural Small Businesses”, Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 23, No. 1, 65–80.
  • Sofield, T. (1993) “Indigenous Tourism Development”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 20, 729-750.
  • Sofield, T. and Li, F. (1998). “Tourism Development and Cultural Policies in China”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 25, No. 2, 362–392.
  • Solmaz, S. A., Aksoy, Ö., Şengül, S. ve Sarıışık, M. (2014). “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimci Kişilik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi: Turizm Lisans ve Ön Lisans Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması”, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt, 16, Sayı: 26, 41-55.
  • Şengül, S. (2017). “Yerel Girişimcilik ve Turizm İlişkisine Dair Çıkarımlar: Mudurnu Örneği”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt. 15, Sayı: 4,126-142.
  • Tatoğlu, E., Erdal, F., Özgur, H., ve Azaklı, S. (2000). “Resident Perception of The Impacts of Tourism in A Turkish Resort Town”, [Online] Available: http://www.opf.slu.cz/vvr/akce/turecko/pdf/Tatoglu.pdf. (01.21,2018).
  • Weiermair, K. and Peters, M. (2002) Innovation Behavior in Hospitality and Tourism: Problems and Prospects. in Tourism in Asia: Development, Marketing and Sustainability. Fifth Biennial Conference (Ed, Chon, K.) Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
  • Welter, F. (2011). “Contextualizing Entrepreneurship – Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 35, No. 1, 165–184.
  • Yang, L. and Wall, G. (2008). “Ethnic Tourism and Entrepreneurship: Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China”, Tourism Geographies, Vol.10, No. 4, 522-544.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Yoon, Y., Gürsoy, D. and Chen, J. S. (2001), “Validating a Tourism Development Theory With Structural Equation Modeling”, Tourism Management, Vol. 22, 363- 372.
  • Zhao, W. and Getz, D. (2008). “Characteristics and Goals of Rural Family Business Owners in Tourism and Hospitality: A Developing Country Perspective”, Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 33, No. 3, 313-326.
  • Zhao, W., Ritchie, B. and Echtner, C. M. (2011). “Social Capital and Tourism Entrepreneurship”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 4, 1570–1593.