The Role of Occupational Health and Safety in the Relationship between Psychological Empowerment and Career Satisfaction

Purpose – Nowadays, career satisfaction is one of the worker's expectations and the worker's efficiency inputs. Removing the obstacles in front of career satisfaction is one of the critical success factors in the business. Also, psychological empowerment is one of the ways of increasing career satisfaction. There are a lot of factors in the relationship between psychological empowerment - career satisfaction. It is thought that the work safety is one of them. The present study aims to investigate (1) the direct effects of psychological empowerment on career satisfaction and (2) the moderating role of work safety in the relationship between psychological empowerment and career satisfaction using a public health sector sample. Design/methodology/approach – Theory-based hypotheses are tested with a sample of 420 obtained in 2019 from workers from the public health sector, Antalya/Turkey by using SPSS and AMOS. Findings – The results demonstrated that the moderator effect of work safety perception in the effect of psychological empowerment and its dimensions on career satisfaction exists except for the relationship between perceived control and career satisfaction. That is, work safety perception moderates the effect of psychological empowerment on the career satisfaction of workers. Discussion – The findings have shown that when work safety perception is low, the effect of psychological empowerment on career satisfaction is high in a positive direction. Although this finding is unexpected, in some studies it matches up to the findings. Whereas the existence of work safety in the working environment may cause the effects of other variables to be ignored for career satisfaction, it is thought that behaviors aimed at empowering workers may be perceived more positively by workers. And it can be a motivation tool causing them to be able to ignore many negative conditions in cases when work safety perception is low. Within this context, this finding is unexpected but it can be considered positively.

___

Abele, A.E., and Spurk, D. (2009). The longitudinal impact of self-efficacy and career goals on objective and subjective career success, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 74: 53-62.

Aiken, L.S., and West, S.G. (1991) Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Los Angeles, CA: Sage

Andersson, E.R. (1992). Economic evaluation of ergonomic sulution: part 1-guidelines for the practioner, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 10, No. 1: 161-171.

Avcı, U., and Turunç, Ö. (2012). Dönüşümcü liderlik ve örgüte güvenin kariyer memnuniyetine etkisi lider üye etkileşiminin aracılık rolü, Uluslar Arası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 4, No. 2: 45-55.

Azril, M.S.H, Jegak, U., Asiah, M., Azman, A.N., Bahaman, A.S., Jamilah, O., and Thomas, K. (2010). Can Quality of Work Life Affect Work Performance Among Government Agriculture Extension Officers? A Case from Malaysia. Journal of Social Science, 6 (1), 64-73.

Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 52: 1-26.

Barnett-Schuster, C. (2008). Fundamentals of International Occupational Health and Safety Law. Aberdeen University Press.

Baron, R.M., and Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51:1173-1182.

Bhagawati, B. (2015). Basics of occupational safety and health. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, Vol. 9, No. 8: 91-94.

Blau, M. (1964) Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY, USA: Wiley.

Boudreau, J.W., Boswell, W.R., and Judge, T.A. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United States and Europe, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 58: 53-81.

Bowen, D.A., and Lawler, E.F. (1992). The Empowerment of Service Workers: What, Why, How, And When, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 33 No. 3: 31-39.

Brueggmann, M., Roetting M., and Luczak H. (2001). International comparison of occupational safety and health research-a review based on published articles, International Journal Of Occupational Safety And Ergonomics, Vol. 7, No. 4: 387-401

Chen, G., and Klimoski, R.J. (2003).The impact of expectations on newcomer performance in teams as mediated by work characteristics, social exchanges, and empowerment, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 46, No. 5: 591-607.

Chen, G., Kirkman, B.L., Kanfer, R., Allen, D., and Rosen, B. (2007). A multilevel study of leadership, empowerment, and performance in teams, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 92, No. 2: 331-346.

Cohen, J.; Cohen, P.; West, S. G.; Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd edition). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Conger, J. A., and R. N. Kanungo. (1988). The empowerment process: integrating theory and practice, Academy of Management Review. Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 471- 482.

De Oliveira, M.J.C. and Coelho, D.A. (2002).The integration of the standards systems of quality management, environmental management and occupational health and safety management, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 40: 3857-3866.

Dollard, M.F., and Neser, D.Y. (2013). Worker health is good for the economy: Union density and psychosocial safety climate as determinants of country differences in worker health and productivity in 31 European countries, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 92: 114-123. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.028.

Erdinc O., and Yeow P.H.P. (2011). Proving external validity of the relationship between ergonomics and quality through review of real-world case studies, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 49, No. 15: 949-962.

Friend, Mark A., and Kohn, James P. (2007) Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health. Maryland: Government Institutes.

Gattiker, U., and Larwood, L. (1988). Predictors for manager’s career mobility, success and satisfaction, Human Relations, Vol. 41, No. 8: 569-591.

Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement, American Social Review. Vol. 25, No. 2: 161-78.

Greenhaus, J.H., S. Parasuraman and Wormley, W.M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations and career outcomes, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 1: 64-86.

Gyekye, S. A, and Haybatollahi M. (2014). Relationship Between Organizational Justice and Organizational Safety Climate: Do Fairness Perceptions Influence Employee Safety Behaviour?’ International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Vol. 20, No. 2: 199-211, doi: 10.1080/10803548.2014.11077045

Gyekye, S.A. (2005). Workers’ Perceptions of Workplace Safety and Job Satisfaction, International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Vol. 11, No. 3: 291-302.

Gyekye, S.A., and Salminen S. (2007). Workplace safety perceptions and perceived organizational support: do supportive perceptions influence safety perceptions?, International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Vol. 13, No. 2: 189-200.

Harter, J.K., F.L. Schmidt and Hayes. T.L. (2002). Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, And Business Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 2: 268-279.

Hayes, B.E., Perander, J., Smecko, T., and Trask, J. (1998). Measuring perceptions of workplace safety: Development and validation of the Workplace Safety Scale’, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 29, No. 3: 145-161.

Healy, C. (2017) Influence of Psychological Empowerment, Leadership, and Climate on Safety Outcomes (Doctoral Dissertation), Walden University, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Washington Minneapolis.

Hechanova-Alampay, R. H., and Beehr, T. A. (2001). Empowerment, span of control and safety performance in work teams after workforce reduction, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 6: 275-282.

Hendrick, H.W. (1996). The ergonomics of economics is the economics of ergonomics. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics, Society 40th Annual Meeting; Human Factors and Ergonomics Society; Philadelphia: 1-10.

Hofmans, J., Dries, N., and Pepermans, R. (2008). The career satisfaction scale: response bias among men and women, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 73: 397-403.

Holland, J.L. (1997) Making vocational choices (3rd Ed.). Odessa, Fl: Psychological Assessment Resources.

ILO (a) (International Labor Organization) International Labour Standards On Occupational Safety and Health,https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/occupational-safety-and-health/lang--en/index.htm

ILO (International Labor Organization) History of the ILO. http://www.ilo.org /inform/online-information-resources/research-guides/history/lang-en/index. htm, Erişim Tarihi: 13.11. 2018.

ILO Safety in numbers (2003) Selecting a low-safety, low-health and low-income survival strategy is not likely to lead to high competitiveness or sustainability.

Jewalikar, A. D., and Shelke, A. (2013).The main perceived benefits associated with hse management systems certification in msme tool rooms post quality management system certification’ Journal Impact Factor, Vol. 4, No. 3:124-134.

Joo, B.K., and Lim, T. (2013).Transformational leadership and career satisfaction: The mediating role of psychological empowerment, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3:316-326. doi:/10.1177/1548051813484359.

Judge, T.A., Cable, D.M., Boudreau, J.W. and Bretz Jr., R.D.B. (1995). An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 48: 485-519. doi:10.1111/j.1744- 6570.1995.tb01767.x

Judge, T.A., Higgins, C.A., Thoresen, C.J., and Barrick, M.R. (1999). The big five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 52: 621-651.

Korman, A.K., Wittig-Berman, U., and Lang, D. (1981).Career success and personal failure: Alienation in professionals and managers, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2: 342-360. doi:10.2307/255846.

Kraimer, M.L., Seibert, S.E. and Liden, R.C. (1999). Psychological empowerment as a multidimensional construct: A test of construct validity, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 59, No. 4: 127- 142.

Kristof, A.L. (1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 49: 1-49.

Laszlo, A., and Krippner, S. (1998). Systems theories: their origins, foundations, and development, Advances in Psychology- Amsterdam, Vol. 126: 47-76.

Lofquist, L.H, and Dawis RV. (1991). Essentials of person-environment correspondence counseling. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Mearns, K., Hope, L., Ford, M., and Tetrick, L. (2010). Investment in workforce health: Exploring the implications for workforce safety climate and commitment, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 42, No. 5:1445-1454.

Menon, S. T. (2001). Employee empowerment: an integrative psychological approach, Applied Psychology, Vol. 50, No. 1: 153-180.

Miller, P. and Haslam, C. (2009).Why employers spend money on employee health: Interviews with occupational health and safety professionals from British industry, Safety Science, Vol. 47, No. 2:163- 199. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2008.04.001.

Montero, M. J., Araque, R. A., and Rey, J. M. (2009) Occupational health and safety in the framework of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Safety Science, 46, 1-20.

Nabi, G.R. (2001). The relationship between HRM, social support and subjective career success among men and women, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 22, No. 5: 457-474.

Ng, T.W.H., Eby, L.T., Sorensen, K.L., and Feldma, D.C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: a meta-analysis, Personnel Psychology, Vol 58, No. 2: 367-408.

Peluchette, J. (1993). Subjective career success: the influence of individual difference, family and organizational variables, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 43, No. 2: 198-208.

Poon, J. M. L. (2004). Career commitment and career success: moderating role of emotion perception, Career Development International, Vol. 9, No. 4: 374-390.

Quinn, R.E., and Spreitzer, G.M. (1997).The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader should consider, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 26, No. 2: 37-48.

Robbins, S. (2003) Essentials of Organizational Behavior. Seventh Edition, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Seibert, S.E., Silver, S.R., and Randolph, W.A. (2004).Taking empowerment to the next level: A multiple–level model of empowerment, performance and satisfaction, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47, No. 3: 332-349.

Sekaran, U. (1992) Research Methods for Business, Canada: John Wiley ve Sons, Inc.

Smallman, C., and John, G. (2001). British director’s perspectives on the impact of health and safety on corporate performance, Safety Science, Vol. 38: 227-239.

Spreitzer, G.M. (1995a). An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace, American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 5: 601-629. doi:10.1007/BF02506984.

Spreitzer, G.M. (1995b). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation, Academy of management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5: 1442-1465.

Spreitzer, G.M. (2007) Taking stock: a review of more than twenty years of research on empowerment at work, In C. Cooper, J. Barling, ed., Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Sage Publications.

Spreitzer, G.M. (2008) Taking Stock: A review of more than twenty years of research on empowerment at work. In C. Cooper and J. Barling (Eds.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 54-73). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Spurk, D., Abele, A.E., and Volmer, J. (2011). The career satisfaction scale: longitudinal measurement invariance and latent growth analysis, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 84: 315-326

Thomas, K.W., and Velthouse, B.A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: an “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation, Academy of Management Review Vol. 15, No. 4: 666-681.

Verquer ML, Beehr T.A., and Wagner SH. (2003). A meta-analysis of relations between personorganization fit and work attitudes, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 63: 473-489.

Warr: (1999) Well-being and the workplace. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 392–412). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Wat, D., and Shaffer, M.A. (2005). Equity and relationship quality influences on organizational citizenship behaviors: The mediating role of trust in the supervisor and empowerment, Personnel Review, Vol. 34, No. 4: 406-422.

Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S.(2004). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.

Zanko, M., and Dawson P. (2012). Occupational health and safety management in organizations: a review, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 14: 328-344.