Ateİzmİn Boyutları ve Tİplerİ

Ateizm, basitçe "Tanrı'ya inanmamak" şeklinde tanımlansa da yapılan saha araştırmaları kavramın bu kadar basit tanımlanamayacak kadar muğlak olduğunu göstermektedir. Araştırmalarda tespit edildiği kadarıyla, bir dine mensup olduğu halde Tanrı'ya inanmayan; Tanrı'ya inandığı halde bir dine mensup olmayan; bir dine mensup olmadığı ve Tanrı'ya inanmadığı halde dini ritüellere katılan; Tanrı'ya inandığını söylediği halde "Tanrı yokmuş gibi" yaşayan bireyler vardır. Bunun yanında, bazı ateistler "Tanrı'nın var olmadığına inanıyorum" derken, bazıları "bende Tanrı'nın varlığına yönelik inanç yok", bazıları da "bir Tanrı'nın olup olmadığını bilmiyorum ve bunu bilmenin bir yolu olduğuna inanmıyorum" demektedir. Bu yaklaşımlar her ne kadar birbirine benzer gözükseler de aralarında önemli farklar vardır. Bu tespitler, ateizmin de dindarlık gibi farklı boyutlardan ve tiplerden oluşabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu makalede, ateizmin boyutlarına ve tiplerine ilişkin dünya genelinde yapılan araştırmalar incelenmiş, elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilerek, ateizm tipolojine dair genel bir resim elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır

DIMENSIONS AND TYPES OF ATHEISM

Although atheism is simply described as “disbelief in God,” empirical researches show that the concept is too ambiguous to define like that. It is found in the researches that there are people who are affiliated to a religion, but do not believe in God; who believe in God, but do not belong to a religion; who participate to rituals, but are not a member of a religion and do not believe in God; who “live as if God does not exist”, but say “I believe in God”. In addition, some atheists say, “I believe that God does not exist”, some say, “it is absence of belief in God”, and others “I don’t know whether there is a God and I don’t believe there is any way to find out”. Although these approaches are similar to each other, there are important differences between them. These show that atheism can be composed of different dimensions and types, such as religiosity. In this study, the researches on the dimensions and types of atheism have been examined, the results have been evaluated, and it is tried to obtain a general picture about typology of atheism

PDF

___

Allport, G.. Birey ve Dini, Bilal Sambur (çev.), Ankara 2004. Aslan, A.. “Analitik Pozitif Ateizmin Bir Eleştirisi: Michael Martin”, İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7, ss. 75-76, 2002.
Aslan, A.. Dinî Çoğulculuk, Ateizm ve Geleneksel Ekol: Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım, İsam Yayınları, İstanbul 2010.
Aydın, A.R.. Dini İnkârın Psiko-sosyal Nedenleri, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi SBE, Samsun 1995.
Aydın, M.. Din Felsefesi. 10. baskı, İzmir 2007.
Bainbridge, W.S.. “Atheism”, Interdisciplinary Research on Religion. 1(1), ss. 1-24, 2005.
Baker, J.O. ve Smith, B.. “None Too Simple: Examining Issues of Religious Nonbelief and Nonbelonging in the United States”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48(4), ss. 719-733, 2009.
Bayet, A.. Dine Karşı Düşünce Tarihi. Cemal Süreyya (çev.), 4. Baskı, İstanbul 2004. Beit-Hallahmi, B.. “Atheists: A Psychological Profile”, Michael Martin (Ed.). The
Cambridge Companion to Atheism içinde, New York, 2007.
Blazo, D.R.. The Politics of Atheism in the West, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Mississippi Üniversitesi, 2013.
Bremmer, J.N.. “Atheism in Antiquitye”, Michael Martin (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, New York 2007.
Brewster, M.E., M.A. Robinson, R. Sandil, J. Esposito ve E. Geiger. “Arrantly Absent: Atheism in Psychological Science From 2001 to 2012”, The Counselling Psychologist, ss. 1-36, 2014.
Brinkerhoff, M. ve M. Mackie. “Casting Off the Bonds of Organized Religion: A Religious-Careers Approach to the Study of Apostasy”, Review of Religious Researh, 34(3), ss. 235-258, 1993.
Brown, C.G.. “The Twentieth Century”, Stephen Bullivant ve Michael Ruse (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism içinde, Oxford 2013.
Bolay, S.H.. Felsefi Doktrinler ve Terimler Sözlüğü. 6. baskı, Ankara 1996.
Bullivant, S.. “Defining Atheism”, Stephen Bullivant ve Michael Ruse (Ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of Atheism içinde, Oxford 2013.
Cevizci, A.. Felsefe Sözlüğü. 4. Baskı, İstanbul 2000.
Cliteur, P.. “The Definition of Atheism”, Journal of Religion and Society. 11, ss. 1-23, 2009.
Connolly, J.R.. Dimensions of Belief and Unbelief, Washington 1980.
Coşkun, İ.. Ateizm ve İslam. Ankara 2011.
Cragun, R.T., B. Kosmin, A. Keysar, J.H. Hammer ve M. Nielsen. “On the Receiving End: Discrimination toward the Non-Religious in the United States”, Journal of Contemporary Religion. 27(1), ss. 105-127, 2012.
Çarkoğlu, A. ve Kalaycıoğlu, E.. Türkiye’de Dindarlık: Uluslararası Bir Karşılaştırma, İstanbul 2009. Çarkoğlu, A. ve Toprak, B.. Türkiye’de Din, Toplum ve Siyaset, İstanbul 2000.
Edwards, P.. “Atheism”, Paul Edwards (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy içinde, 2nd edition, Vol. 1-2, New York 1967.
Eurobarometer. Special Eurobarometer 225: “Social Values, Sciences and Technology”. European Commission, 2005. 130 ‹SLÂMÎ ‹L‹MLER DERG‹S‹
Eurobarometer. “Pillars of Truth: Religion and Science”, Europeans and Biotechnology in 2010. European Commission, 2010.
Flint, R.. Agnosticism, Edinburgh 1903.
Fowler, J.. Stages of Faith: The Pschology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning, , New York 1981.
Fowler, J.. “İman Bilincinin Evreleri”, Ali Ulvi Mehmedoğlu (çev), Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, ss. 85-104, 2000.
Fromm, E.. Psikanaliz ve Din, Elif Erten (çev.), 2. baskı, Ankara 2010.. Girardi, J.. “Çağdaş Ateizmin Problemleri”, Murtaza Korlaelçi (çev.), AÜİFD, 41(1), ss. 365-398, 2000.
Gurney, D., S. McKeown, J. Churchyard ve N. Howlett. “Believe I tor Not: Exploring the Relationship between Dogmatism and Openness within Non-Religious Samples”, Personality and Individual Differences, 55, ss. 936-940, 2013.
Guthrie, W.K.C.. İlkçağ Felsefesi Tarihi, Ahmet Cevizci (çev.), Ankara 1999.
Gürsoy, K.. “İlhâd”, DİA, C. 22, TDV, Ankara, ss. 96-98, 2000
Hadaway, C.K.. “Identifying American Apostates: A Cluster Analysis”, Journal for the
Scientific Study of Religion, 28(2), ss. 201-215, 1989.
Hashemi, Morteza. “A New Typology of Modern Atheism: Pilgrim Atheism versus Tourist Atheism”, Culture and Religion, 17(1), ss. 56-72, 2016.
Hood, R.W.J., P.C. Hill ve B. Spilka. The Psychology of Religion, 4th edition, New York 2009.
Hood, R.W.J. ve Chen, Z.. “Conversion and Deconversion”, Stephen Bullivant ve Michael
Ruse (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism içinde, Oxford 2013.
Hout, M. ve C. Fischer. “Why More Americans Have No Religious Preference: Politics and Generations”, American Sociological Review, 67(2), ss. 165-190, 2002.
Hunsberger, B. ve Altemeyer, B.. Atheists: A Groundbreaking Study of America’s Nonbelievers, New York 2006.
Hurth, E.. Between Faith and Unbelief: American Transcendentalists and the Challenge of Atheism, , Leiden&Boston 2007.
Hyman, G.. “Atheism in Modern History”, Michael Martin (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Atheism içinde, New York 2007.
Hyman, G.. Ateizmin Kısa Tarihi, Dilek Şendil (çev.). İstanbul 2010.
ISSP. International Social Survey Programme 2008: Religion III (No: 4950). http:// www.gesis.org/issp/issp-modules-profiles/religion/2008/ (Erişim: 10.10.2014).
Karaca, F.. Din Psikolojisi, Trabzon 2012.
Keysar, A.. “Shifts Along the American Religious-Secular Spectrum”, Secularism and
Nonreligion. 3(1), ss. 1-16, 2014.
Keysar, A. ve Navarro-Rivera, J.. “A World of Atheism: Global Demographics”, Stephen
Bullivant ve Michael Ruse (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism içinde, Oxford 2013.
Kosmin, B.A. ve A. Keysar. “American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS 2008)”, Summary Report, Trinity College, Connecticut 2009.
Lacey, A.R.. A Dictionary of Philosophy. 3rd edition, London 1996.
Loewenthal, K.M.. The Psychology of Religion: A Short Introduction, Oxford 2008. MAK. “Türkiye’de Toplumun Dine ve Dini Değerlere Bakışı”, MAK Danışmanlık,
http://www.makdanismanlik.org/turkiyede-toplumun-dine-ve-dini-degerlere-bakisi/ (Erişim: 12.09.2017). Ateizmin Boyutları ve Tipleri 131
Martin, M.. “Atheism and Religion”, Michael Martin (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Atheism içinde, Cambridge New York 2007.
Mehmedoğlu, A.U.. İnanç Psikolojisine Giriş, İstanbul 2013.
Meulemann, H.. “Enforced Secularization-Spontaneous Revival? Religious Belief, Unbelief, Uncertainty and Indifference in East and West European Countries 1991-1998”, European Sociological Review, 20(1), ss. 47-61, 2004.
Nielsen, K.. “İnanç, İnançsızlık ve Denklik Tartışması”, Hikmet Yurdu, 1(2), ss. 245- 252, 2008.
Norenzayan, A. ve W.M. Gervais. “The Origins of Religious Disbelief”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 17(1), ss. 20-25, 2013.
Oser, F.K., K.H. Reich ve A.A. Bucher. “Development of Belief and Unbelief in Childhood and Adolescence”, Jozef Corveleyn ve Dirk Hutsebaut (Ed.), Belief and
Unbelief: Psychological Perspectives içinde, Amsterdam 1994. Paloutzian R.F. ve C.L. Park. Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, New York 2005.
Pew Research Center. “10 Facts about Atheists”, Pew Research Center 2016, http:// www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/01/10-facts-about-athe_sts/ (Erişim: 15.08.2017).
Rowe, W.. “The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism”, American Philosophical
Quarterly. 16(4), ss. 335-341, 1979.
Rowe, W.. “Agnosticism”, Edvard Craig (Ed.), The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy içinde, London 2005.
Russell, B.. Last Philosophical Testament 1943-68, John G. Slater (Ed.), London 1997.
Russell, B.. Why I am not a Christian, London 2004. Rümke, H.C.. The Psychology of Unbelief: Character and Temperament in Relation to
Unbelief. London 1952. Scobie, G.E.W.. “Belief, Unbelief, and Conversion Experience”, Jozef Corveleyn ve
Dirk Hutsebaut (Ed.), Belief and Unbelief: Psychological Perspectives içinde, Amsterdam 1994.
Sedley, D.. “From the Pre-Socratics to the Hellenistic Age”, Stephen Bullivant ve Michael
Ruse (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism içinde, Oxford 2013.
Sevinç, K.. “Türkiye’de Din Psikolojisi Alanında Yapılan Lisansüstü Tezler Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(28), ss. 243- 269, 2013.
Sevinç, K.. İnançsızlık Psikolojisi, İstanbul 2017.
Sevinç, K., M. Güven ve T. Metinyurt. “Dindar ve Spiritüel Olmama Ölçeğinin (Dİ- SOL) Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması”, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6, ss. 59-86, 2015.
Sherkat, D.E.. “Beyond Belief: Atheism, Agnosticism, and Theistic Certainty in the United States”, Sociological Spectrum, 28, ss. 438-459, 2008.
Shook, J.. The God Debates: A 21st Century Guide for Atheist and Believers, Oxford 2010.
Silver, C.F.. Atheism, Agnosticism, and Nonbelief: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Type and Narrative, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2013.
Sinanoğlu, M.. “İlhâd”, DİA, C. 22, Ankara 2000, ss. 90-92. 132 ‹SLÂMÎ ‹L‹MLER DERG‹S‹
Smith, G.H.. Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo, New York 1979. Smith, J.M.. “Creating a Godlass Community: The Collective Identity Work of Contemporary
American Atheists”, Journal for the Scientigic Study of Religion, 52(1), ss. 80-99, 2013. Sproul, R.C.. The Pschology of Atheism, Minnesota 1974.
Streib, H. ve Keller, B.. “The Variety of Deconversion Experiences: Contours of a Concept in Respect to Empirical Research”, Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 26, ss. 181–200, 2004.
Streib, H. ve Klein, C.. “Atheist, Agnostics, and Apostates”, Kenneth Pargament, J.E. Julie ve W.J. James (Ed.), APA Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality içinde,
Vol.1, American Psychological Association, ss. 713-728, 2013. The Washington Post. http://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/aug/1/atheists-in-muslim-world-growing-silent-minority/ (Erişim: 04.08.2017).
Topaloğlu, A.. Tanrıtanımazlığın Felsefi Boyutları: Teizm ya da Ateizm, İstanbul 2001. Ulutürk, V.. “Kur’an-ı Kerim’e Göre İnkar ve İnkar Amilleri”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 7, ss. 217-233, 1986.
Vermeer, P.. “Religious Indefference and Religious Education in the Netherlans: A Tension Unfolds”, Zeitschrift für Religionspädagogik, 12, ss. 79-94, 2013.
Vernon, G.M.. “The Religious “Nones”: A Neglected Category”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 7(2), ss. 219-229, 1968.
Vetter, G.B. ve Green, M.. “Personality and Group Factors in the Making of Atheists”, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 27(2), ss. 179-194, 1962. Weltecke, D.. “The Medieval Period”, Stephen Bullivant ve Michael Ruse (Ed.), The
Oxford Handbook of Atheism içinde, Oxford 2013.
Wulff, D.. “Beyond Belief and Unbelief”, Joanne Marie Greer ve David O. Moberg (Ed.), Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion içinde, C. 10, Connecticut 1999, ss. 1-15.
Yavuz, K.. Günümüzde İnancın Psikolojisi, Ankara 2013.
Yücedoğru, T. “Kur’an’da İman Kavramı”, Uludağ Üniveritesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 2006.
Zinnbauer, B.J., K.I. Pargament, B. Cole, M.S. Rye, E.M. Butter, T.G. Belavich, K.M. Hipp, A.B. Scott ve J.L. Kadar. “Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzying the Fuzzy”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(4), ss. 549-564, 1997.
Zuckerman, P.. “Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns”, Michael Martin (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Atheism içinde, New York 2007.
Zuckerman, P.. “Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being: How the Findings of Social Science Counter Negative Stereotypes and Assumptions”, Sociology Compass, 3(6), ss. 949-971, 2009.