İlim Halkalarından Vakıfla Desteklenen Kurumlara: Eyyûbî ve Memlük Kahiresi’nde Amr b. Âs Camii’nin Zâviyeleri

Modern literatürde çoğunlukla sûfîlerle ilişkilendirilen zâviyeler, zaman zaman hankah ve ribâtla aynı yapıya işaret etmekle birlikte daha ziyade şehir merkezlerinin dışında ve geçiş güzergâhlarında kurulan, hankaha kıyasla mimari ve teşkilatlanma bakımından daha mütevazı olan sûfî kurumları olarak tanımlanmışlardır. Bununla birlikte Mısır ve Bilâdüşşam şehirlerinin merkezî camilerinin içerisinde şer‘î ilimlere dair vakıfla desteklenen derslerin yapıldığı ve müderrisine düzenli tahsisat sunan müesseseleri ifade etmek üzere de zâviye terimi kullanılmıştır. Bu makalede, Kahire’de Amr b. Âs Camii’nde bulunan sekiz zâviyenin ve özellikle bunların en önemlisi olan İmam Şâfiî Zâviyesi’nin tarihi, vakıfları ve geçirdiği dönüşümler inceleme konusu edilmiştir. Bu zâviyelerin tarihi hakkında İbn Dokmak ve Makrîzî’nin hıtat türü eserlerinde yer alan kayıtlar incelenmiş, bu kayıtlar dönemin diğer tarih ve tabakat kaynaklarındaki bilgilerle mukayese edilmiştir. Buradan yola çıkarak Mısır-Şam bölgesinde cami zâviyelerinin, sûfî kurumu olan zâviyelerden farklı bir müessese türüne işaret ettiği ve önceleri sadece âlimlerin camilerde şahsi imkânlarıyla sürdürdüğü ilim halkalarını ifade eden zâviyelerin Mısır’da medreselerin yaygınlaşmaya başladığı 6./12. yüzyıldan itibaren vakıfla desteklenen birer ilim kurumuna dönüştükleri tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Zâviye, Amr b. Âs Camii, vakıf, medrese, Kahire

From Learning Circles to Endowed Institutions: Zāwiyas of the Mosque of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀs in the Ayyubid and Mamlūk Cairo

Zāwiya, as a polysemous term, refers to a Sufi institution, as well as to the concepts of khanqāh and ribāṭ (Sufi lodges). On the other hand, however, it also denotes more modest architectural and organizational institutions built in suburban areas. Nevertheless, the term zāwiya has also been employed in the Syro-Egyptian region for describing the institutions of the central mosques of cities, in which scholars and their lessons in religious disciplines were supported regularly by endowments. This article deals with the eight zāwiyas of the Mosque of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀs in Cairo, and particularly the most significant of them, the Zāwiya of Imām al-Shāfi‘ī. By analyzing the narratives of two major khiṭaṭ (topographical urban history) works compiled by Ibn Duqmāq and al-Maqrīzī and comparing them with other chronicles and biographical dictionaries of the period, this article argues that the mosquezāwiyas differed from the Sufi zāwiyas and that the zāwiyas, which formerly only denoted study circles held by scholars with their own initiatives in the mosques, turned into endowed, long-lasting, and prestigious institutions of learning with the proliferation of madrasas in Egypt during the 6th/12th century.

Keywords:

Zāwiya, Mosque of ‘Amr b. al-Ās, waqf, madrasa, Cairo,

PDF

___

Amin, Muhammad Muhammad - Ibrahim, Leila. al-Mustalahat al-Mi‘mariyya fi al-Watha'iq al-Mamlukiyya. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press, 1990. google scholar
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. ‘Change in Function and Form of Mamluk Religious Institutions’. Annales Islamologiques 21 (1985), 73-93. google scholar
Berkey, Jonathan P. The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History of Islamic Education. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. google scholar
Blair, Sheila S. ‘Zawiya’. Encyclopaedia of Islam SecondEdition. ed. P. Bearman et al. Accessed 22 December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1384 google scholar
Bloom, Jonathan. ‘Maqsura’. Grove Art Online. Accessed 22 June 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/ gao/9781884446054.article.T054145 google scholar
Chamberlain, Michael. Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190-1350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. google scholar
De Pierrepont, Zacharie Mochtari. ‘Tales of Reverence and Powers: Ibn Hajar’s Narratives of Religious Charismatic Authority’. Mamluk Studies Review 23 (2020), 103-131. google scholar
Dhahabi, Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Ahmad. Tarikh al-Islam wa-Wafayat al-Mashahir wa-al-A‘lam. critical ed. Bashshar 'Awwad Ma'ruf. 17 Volume. Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al- Islami, 2003. google scholar
Ephrat, Daphna - Mahamid, Hatim. ‘The Creation of Sufi Spheres in Medieval Damascus (Mid-6th/12th to Mid-8th/14th Centuries)’. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 25/2 (2015), 189-208. google scholar
Ephrat, Daphna - Pinto, Paulo G. ‘Sufi Places and Dwellings’. Sufi Institutions. ed. Alexander Papas. 105-144. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2021. google scholar
Fäsi, Taqi al-Din Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Makki. Dhayl al-TaqyidfiRuwat al-Sunan wa-al-Masanid. critical ed. Kamäl YUsuf al-HUt. 2 Volume. Beirut: Där al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1990. google scholar
Fernandes, Leonor. ‘Some Aspects of The Zäwiya in Egypt at the Eve of the Ottoman Conquest’. Annales Islamologiques 19 (1983), 9-17. google scholar
Fernandes, Leonor. The Evolution of a Sufi Institution in Mamluk Egypt: The Khanqah. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1988. google scholar
Fernandes, Leonor E. ‘The Zäwiya in Cairo’. Annales Islamologiques 18 (1982), 116-121. google scholar
Firouzeh, Peyvand. ‘SUfi Lodges’. Sufi Institutions. ed. Alexander Papas. 157-173. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2021. google scholar
Geoffroy, Éric. Le Soufisme En Égypte et En Syrie: Sous Les Derniers Mamelouks et Les Premiers Ottomans. Damas: Institut Français de Damas, 1995. google scholar
Ghazzi, AbU al-Makärim Najm al-Din Muhammad b. Muhammad. al-Kawäkib al-Sä'ira bi-A‘yan al-Mi'a al-Äshira. critical ed. Khalil al-MansUr. 3 Volume. Beirut: Där al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1997. google scholar
Hofer, Nathan. The Popularisation of Sufism in Ayyubid and Mamluk Egypt, 1173-1325. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. google scholar
Homerin, Th. Emil. ‘Sufis and Their Detractors in Mamluk Egypt a Survey of Protagonists and Institutional Settings’. Islamic Mysticism Contested. ed. Frederick De Jong - Bernd Radtke. 225-247. Leiden: Brill, 1999. google scholar
Ibn al-Sayrafi, 'Ali b. DäwUd. Nuzhat al-Nufus wa-al-Abdanf Tawarikh al-Zamän. critical ed. Hasan Habashi. 4 Volume. al-Hay’at al-Misriyya al-'Ämma lil-Kitäb, 1970-1973. google scholar
Ibn al-'Adim, Kamäl al-Din 'Umar b. Ahmad. Bughyat al-Talab f TankhHalab. critical ed. Suhayl Zakkär. 10 Volume. Beirut: Där al-Fikr, no date. google scholar
Ibn al-'Iräqi, AbU Zur'a Ahmad b. 'Abd al-Rahim. al-Dhayl ‘ala al-‘IbarfKhabarMan Abar. critical ed. Sälih Mahdi 'Abbäs. 3 Volume. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risäla, 1989. google scholar
Ibn Duqmäq, Ibrähim b. Muhammad. al-Intisär li-Wäsitat ‘Iqdal-Amsär. ed. Karl Vollers. 2 Volume. Bulaq: al-Matba'at al-Kubrä al-Amiriyya, 1310/1893. google scholar
Ibn Hajar al-'Asqaläni, Ahmad b. 'Ali. Inbä ’ al-Ghumr bi-Anbä ’ al- ‘Umr. ed. Hasan Habashi. 4 Volume. Cairo: al-Majlis al-Ä'lä lil-Shu’Un al-Islämiyya, 1969-1998. google scholar
Ibn Hajar al-'Asqaläni, Ahmad b. 'Ali. Raf al-Isr an QudätMisr. critical ed. 'Ali Muhammad 'Umar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khänji, 1998. google scholar
Ibn Kathir, AbU al-Fidä’ Ismä'il b. 'Umar. al-Bidaya wa-al-Nihaya. critical ed. 'Abdullah b. Abd al-Muhsin al-Turki. 21 Volume. Jiza: Där Hijr, 1997. google scholar
Ibn Khallikän, Ahmad Ibn Muhammad. Wafayät al-A‘yän wa-Anbä' Abnä' al-Zamän. critical ed. Ihsän 'Abbäs. 8 Volume. Beirut: Där Sädir, 1968-1972. google scholar
Ibn Qädi Shuhba, Taqi al-Din AbU Bakr b. Ahmad b. Muhammad. Tabaqät al-Shäfi'iyya. critical ed. al-Häfiz 'Abd al-'Alim Khän. 5 Volume. Hyderabad: Matba'at Majlis Dä’irat al-Ma'ärif al-'Uthmäniyya, 1978-1980. google scholar
Ibn Qädi Shuhba, Taqi al-Din AbU Bakr b. Ahmad b. Muhammad. Tankh Ibn QädiShuhba. critical ed. 'Adnän Darwish. 4 Volume. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1977- 1997. google scholar
Ibn Taghribirdi, AbU al-Mahäsin YUsuf. al-Nujum al-Zahira fi Muluk Misr wa-al-Qahira. 16 Volume. Cairo: al-Mu’assasat al-Misriyya al-'Ämma, 1929-1972. google scholar
Ibn Taghnbirdi, Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf. al-Manhal al-Safi wa-al-Mustawfa ba'da al-Waf. critical ed. Muhammad Muhammad Amin. 13 Volume. Cairo: al-Hay'at al-Misriyya al- 'Amma lil-Kitab, 1984-2009. google scholar
Ibn Taghribirdi, Abu al-Mahasin YUsuf. Hawadith al-Duhur fi Mada al-Ayyam wa-al-Shuhur. critical ed. Muhammad Kamal al-Din 'Izz al-Din. 2 Volume. Beirut: 'Alam al-Kutub, 1990. google scholar
Ibn 'Asakir, AbU’l-Qasim 'Ali b. al-Hasan. Tarikh Madinat Dimashq. critical ed. Muhibb al-Din AbU Sa'id 'Umar b. Gharama al-'Amrawi. 80 Volume. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1995-2001. google scholar
Kaş, Murat. ‘Kelam İlminin Bilimsel Kimliğiyle İlgili Tartışmaların Memlük Coğrafyasındaki Yansımaları’. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 24/3 (15 December 2020), 1059-1080. google scholar
Leiser, Gary La Viere. The Restoration of Sunnism in Egypt: Madrasas andMudarrisun 495-647/1101-1249. University of Pennsylvania, PhD Thesis, 1976. google scholar
Levi-Provençal, Evariste. ‘Zawiya’. Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936). ed. M. Th. Houtsma et al. 8/1220. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1936 1913. google scholar
Little, Donald P. ‘The Nature of Khanqahs, Ribats, and Zawiyas under the Mamluks’. Islamic Studies Presented to Charles J. Adams. ed. Wael B. Hallaq - Donald P. Little. 91-106. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991. google scholar
Mahamid, Hatim. ‘Mosques as Higher Educational Institutions in Mamluk Syria’. Journal ofIslamic Studies 20/2 (2009), 188-212. google scholar
Makdisi, George. ‘Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 24/1 (1961), 1-56. google scholar
Makdisi, George. The Rise of Colleges: Institutions ofLearning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981. google scholar
Malati, 'Abd al-Basit Ibn Khalil b. Shahin. Nayl al-Amalfi Dhayl al-Duwal. critical ed. 'Umar 'Abd al-Salam Tadmuri. 8 Volume. Beirut: al-Maktabat al-'Asriyya, 2002. google scholar
Maqrizi, Ahmad b. 'Ali. al-Suluk li-Ma‘rifatDuwal al-Muluk. ed. Muhammad Mustafa Ziyada - Sa'id 'Abd al-Fattah 'Ashur. 4 Volume. Cairo: Matba'at Dar al-Kutub, 1934-1973. google scholar
Maqrizi, Ahmad b. 'Ali. Duraral-Uqudal-Farida fiTarajimal-A ycm al-Mufida. critical ed. MahmUd al-Jalili. 4 Volume. Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 2002. google scholar
Maqrizi, Ahmad b. 'Ali. Al-Muqaffa al-Kabir. critical ed. Muhammad al-Ya'lawi. 8 Volume. Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 2006. google scholar
Maqrizi, Ahmad b. 'Ali. al-Mawaiz wa-al-Ttibarfi Dhikr al-Khitat wa-al-Athar. critical ed. Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid. 6 Volume. London: Mu'assasat al-Furqan lil-Turath al-Islami, 2013. google scholar
Midilli, Muhammet Enes. ‘Ulemânın Memlük Coğrafyasına Yönelmesi ve Memlükler Döneminde Kahire İlim Kurumları’. İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi 10/1 (2020), 389-412. google scholar
Midilli, Muhammet Enes. ‘Memlükler Döneminde Bir İlim Kurumu: İbn Tolun Camii ve Ulemaya Sunduğu Mansıplar’. İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi 44 (2020), 37-73. google scholar
Midilli, Muhammet Enes. İzzeddin İbn Cemâa (Öl. 767/1366). İstanbul: Siyer Yayınları, 2021. google scholar
Moore, Robert. ‘Al-Bulqini Family’. Encyclopaedia of Islam THREE. ed. Kate Fleet et al. Accessed 1 February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24603 google scholar
Muradi, AbU al-Fadl Muhammad Khalil b. 'Ali. Silk al-Durar fi Ayan al-Qarn al-Thani Ashar. 4 Volume. Beirut: Dar al-Basha'ir al-Islamiyya - Dar Ibn Hazm, 1988. google scholar
Nu'aymi, 'Abd al-Qadir b. Muhammad. al-Daris fi Tarikh al-Madaris. critical ed. Ja'far al-Hasani. 2 Volume. Damascus: al-Majma' al-'Ilmı al-'Arabı, 1948-1951. google scholar
Onuş, Muhammed Usame. VI. ve VII. Asırlarda Dımaşk Hanbelîliği. Istanbul: Marmara University, Ph.D. Thesis, 2020. google scholar
Qalqashandî, Shihäb al-Dîn Ahmad b. 'Alî. Şubhal-A ‘shaftŞina'atal-Insha'. ed. Muhammad Husayn Shams al-Dîn. 15 Volume. Beirut: Där al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1987. google scholar
Şafadî, Salâh al-Dîn Khalîl b. Aybak. Ayan al-‘Aşr wa-A‘wan al-Naşr. critical ed. 'Alî Abu Zayd. 5 Volume. Beirut: Där al-Fikr al-Mu'äsir, 1998. google scholar
Şafadî, Şalâh al-Dîn Khalîl b. Aybak. al-Waf bi-al-Wafayat. critical ed. Ahmad al-Arnaut - Turkî Mustafâ. 29 Volume. Beirut: Där Ihyä’ al-Turäth al-Arabî, 2000. google scholar
Sahmâwî, Shams al-Dîn Muhammad. al-Thaghr al-Basimf Şina'atal-Katib wa-al-Katim. critical ed. Ashraf Muhammad Anas. 2 Volume. Cairo: Där al-Kutub wa-al-Wathä’iq al-Qawmiyya, 2009. google scholar
Sakhäwh Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahmän. al-Daw' al-Lami' li-Ahl al-Qarn al-Tasi'. 12 Volume. Beirut: Där al-Jîl, no date. google scholar
Sakhäwi, Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahmän. al-Dhayl ‘ala Raft al-Işr aw Bughyat al-‘Ulama‘ wa-al-Ruwat. critical ed. Jawda Hiläl - Muhammad Mahmud Şubh. Cairo: Där al- Ta'äwun, 1966. google scholar
Sakhäwh Muhammad b 'Abd al-Rahmän. al-Jawahir wa-al-Durar f Tarjamat Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar. critical ed. Ibrähim Bäjis 'Abd al-Majîd. 3 Volume. Beirut: Där Ibn Hazm, 1999. google scholar
Salibi, Kamal S. ‘Ibn Djamä‘a’. Encyclopaedia ofIslam, Second Edition. ed. P. Bearman et al. Accessed 28 July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3133 google scholar
Salibi, Kamal S. ‘The Banu Jamä'a: A Dynasty of Shäfi’ite Jurists in the Mamluk Period’. Studia Islamica 9 (1958), 97-109. google scholar
Sibt Ibn al- 'Ajamî, Burhän al-Dîn Abu Ishäq IbrähTm b. Muhammad. Kunüz al-Dhahabf Tarikh Halab. critical ed. Shawqî Sha'th - Fälih al-Bakkur. 2 Volume. Aleppo: Där al- Qalam al-'Arabî, 1996. google scholar
Subkî, Täj al-Dîn Abu Naşr 'Abd al-Wahhäb b. Taqî al-Dîn 'Alî. Tabaqat al-Shiäfijyya al-Kubra. critical ed. 'Abd al-Fattäh Muhammad al-Hulw - Mahmud Muhammad al- Tanahî. 10 Volume. Cairo: Matba'at 'Isä al-Babî al-Halabî, 1964. google scholar
Subkî, Täj al-Dîn. Mu‘îdü’n-Ni‘am: Makam ve Meslek Ahlâkı. trans. Harun Yılmaz - Muhammet Enes Midilli. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2019. google scholar
Suyutî, Jaläl al-Dîn 'Abd al-Rahmän b. Abî Bakr. Husn al-Muhadara f Akhbar Mişr wa-al-Qahira. critical ed. Muhammad Abu Fadl Ibrährm. 2 Volume. Cairo: Där Ihyä’ al-Turäth al-Arabî, 1967. google scholar
Tibawi, A. L. ‘Origin and Character of “al-Madrasah”’. Bulletin ofthe School of Oriental and African Studies, University ofLondon 25/1/3 (1962), 225-238. google scholar
Yılmaz, Harun. Zengî ve Eyyûbî Dımaşk’ında Ulema ve Medrese (1154-1260). İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2017. google scholar
Zabîdî, Muhammad al-Murtadä. Taj al-‘Arüs min Jawahir al-Qämüs. 40 Volume. Kuwait: Wizära al-Irshäd wa-al-Anbä’, 1965-2001. google scholar
'Ulaymî, Mujîr al-Dîn Abu al-Yumn 'Abd al-Rahmän b. Muhammad. al-Uns al-Jalil bi-Tarikh al-Quds waal-Khalil. ed. 'Adnän Yunus 'Abd al-Majîd Abu Tabbäna. 2 Volume. Amman: Maktabat Dandîs, 1999. google scholar