SİLAHLI ÇATIŞMA ESNASINDA KÜLTÜREL MALLARIN ULUSLARARASI TOPLUM YARARINA KORUNMASI

Kültürel malvarlığının korunması, sadece malvarlığının bulunduğu devleti değil, uluslararası toplumu da ilgilendirmektedir. Kültürel mirasa gelen her zarar, insanoğlunun ortak zararı ve kaybıdır. İşbu nedenle, kültürel malvarlığını korumak, uluslararası hukukun, özellikle insancıl hukukun konularından birini oluşturmuştur. Kültürel malvarlığını korumak için akdedilen antlaşmalar ve ek protokollerle, silahlı çatışmalarda çatışan taraflara, kural olarak, çatışma alanında yer alan kültürel malvarlığını tahrip etmeme ya da yok etmeme yükümlülüğü öngörülmüştür. İlgili yükümlülüğün ihlali, ciddi insancıl hukuk ihlaline verecek ve devletler kendi iç hukuk düzenlerinde, sorumluları yargılayabileceklerdir. Ayrıca Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi de savaş suçları kapsamında kültürel malvarlığını koruma yükümlüğünün ihlallerini yargılamakla yetkilendirilmiştir. Her ne kadar kültürel malvarlığı, uluslararası hukuk sisteminde, koruma altına alınsa ve yükümlülüğün ihlali için bireysel cezai sorumluluk öngörülse de kültürel malvarlığının tahribi ve yok olması geri dönülemez zararlara yol açmaktadır. İşbu nedenle, kültürel malvarlığının pasif koruması yanında, zarar görmeden ya da yok olmadan korunmasını temin altına alacak, aktif koruma araçlarının varlığı daha da önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kültürel malvarlığının korunması, 1954 Bir Çatışma Halinde Kültür Mallarının Korunmasına Dair Sözleşme, 1977 Ek Protokol I, 1977 Ek Protokol II, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, Savaş Suçları.

PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY FOR THE SAKE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY DURING THE ARMED CONFLICT

The protection of cultural property concerns not only the state where it is situated but also the international community as a whole. Any harm to cultural heritage also represents a loss for human culture and international society. Therefore, the protection of cultural property has become a subject of international law and humanitarian law in particular. Treaties and additional protocols enacted for the protection of cultural heritage, in principle, provide an obligation to conflicting parties to not destroy or destruct cultural property in conflict zones. Any breach of this obligation constitutes a serious violation of humanitarian law, and it is the states who are competent to adjudicate on the responsible actor in their domestic legal systems. Further, the International Criminal Court is given jurisdiction over breaches of the obligation to protect cultural heritage within the context of war crimes. Although the international legal system provides protection for cultural property and individual criminal responsability in cases of the breach of this protection, the destruction of cultural property causes irreversible damages. For this reason, in addition to passive protection of cultural property, active protection tools have to be provided in order to protect cultural property before any damage or destruction occur.

Keywords:

1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1977 Additional Protocol I, 1977 Additional Protocol II, The International Criminal Court, The protection of cultural property, War Crimes.,

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