Muslim responses to ımperialism in ındia: A study of the educational reforms of sir sayyid ahmad khan

Hindistanlı yazar, eğitim ve reformcu fikir adamı Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) müslümanları geri kalmış ve eğitilmeye muhtaç görerek, gerek İngiliz sömürgeciliğine karşı çıkmak gerekse Hindistan müslümanlarının fikri, siyasi ve iktisadi kaderini değiştirmek amacıyla eğitim alanında birçok büyük projeyi hayata geçirmiştir. Sir Sayyid tarafından Hindistan müslümanlarının fikri, içtimai, ahlaki olarak canlandırılarak yenilenmesi amacı ile kurulan reformcu Aligarch Hareketi, 16. Yüzyılda başlayıp 19. ve 20. yüzyıllarda meyvelerini veren ve İslam aleminin yarısından fazlasını kontrolü altına alan Avrupa sömürgeciliğine karşı ortaya çıkan birçok cevaptan biridir. Sir Sayyid eğitim programını uygulamaya koymak amacıyla Aligarh Scientific Society, Aligarh Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College ve Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Educational Conference kurumları yanında Tahzib al-Akhlaq ve Aligarh Institute Gazette yayınlarını çıkarmıştır. Bu makale Sir Sayyid’in eğitim reformlarının İngiliz sömürgeciliğine karşı bir cevap olarak ortaya çıkışını Hindistan şartlarını gözönünde bulundurarak incelemektedir.

Hindistan’da sömürgeciliğe karşı müslüman tepkisi: Sir sayyid ahmad khan’ın eğitim reformları ile üzerine bir çalışma

Perceiving Muslims as backward and in need of education, Indian Islamic modernist writer, educational activist and reformer Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898), undertook various major projects in the field of education, both as a response to British Imperialism and to change the intellectual, political and economic destiny of Muslims in India. The progressive spirit of the Aligarh movement founded by Sir Sayyid for the intellectual revival and socio-moral renewal and rejuvenation of Indian Muslims was one of the responses, among others, of Muslims to European Imperialism, which began in the 16th century but came to fruitition in the 19th and 20th centuries, and brought more than half of the Muslim world under its control. In order to put his education program into practice Sir Sayyid established the Aligarh Scientific Society, the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh, and the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Educational Conference as well as the Tahzib al- Akhlaq journal and Aligarh Institute Gazette. This article presents these educational reforms of Sir Sayyid as a response to the British Imperialism in the context of Indian Subcontinent.

PDF

___

ABOOT, Freeland. ―The Jihad of Saiyid Ahmad Shaheed.‖ pp. 216-222 in The Muslim World, Vol. 52, 1962.
ABU RABI`, M. Ibrahim. ―Editor‘s Introduction—Contemporary Islamic Thought: One or Many?‖ 1-20 in The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, (Ed.) M. Ibrahim Abu Rabi`. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2006.
AHMAD, Ali. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan on Education. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, 2006.
AHMAD, Aziz. Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment. London: Oxford University Press, 1964; published in India by Oxford in 1999.
AHMAD, Aziz. Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan—1857-1947. London: Oxford University Press, 1967.
AHMAD, Bashir. Justice Shah Din: His Life and Works. Lahore: Ferozsons, 1903.
AHMAD, Qeyamuddin. The Wahabi Movement in India. Calcutta: Mukhopadhyay, 1966.
ALBIRUNI, A. H. Makers of Pakistan and Modern Muslim India. Lahore: Sheikh M. Ashraf, 1950.
BARI, Abdul. ―The Fara`idi Movement.‖ pp. 197-207, Proceedings of the Pakistan History Conference, 1955, 5th session.
CHAND, Tara. History of Freedom Movement, Vol.2. Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1967.
COMMINS, David. ―Modernism.‖ 118 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern Islamic World, Vol 3 (Ed.) John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
DAR, B.A. Religious Thought of Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1957.
DAWISHA, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
ESPOSITO, John L. ―Contemporary Islam: Reformation or Revolution?‖ 644-45 in The Oxford History of Islam, (Ed.) John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
ESPOSITO, John L. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
ESPOSITO, John L. Islam: The Straight Path. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
FARUQI, Zia-ul-Hasan. The Deoband School and the Demand for Pakistan. London: Asia Publishing House, 1963.
GIBB, H. A. R. Modern Trends in Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947.
GRAHAM, George F. Irving. The Life and Work of Syed Ahmad Khan. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, [1885]1974).
HALI, Altaf Hussain. Hayat-i-Javed (A Biographical Account of Sir Sayyid), English Trans. K. H. Qadiri and David J. Mathews. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1979.
HARDY, P. The Muslims of British India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
HASSAN, Riffat ―Islamic Modernist and Reformist Discourse in South Asia.‖ 159-183 in Reformist Voices of Islam—Meditating Islam and Modernity, (Ed.) Shirin T. Hunter. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2009.
HUNTER, W. W. Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen? 2nd ed., Lahore: Premier Book House, 1974.
IQBAL, Allama Muhammad. Islam and Ahmadism. Lahore: Anjuman-i- Khuddam ud Din, 1936.
KARIM, Muhammad Nurul. ―Part played by Haji Shariatullah and his son in the socio- political history of East Bengal.‖ 175-182, Proceedings of the Pakistan History Conference, 1955, 5th session.
KHAN, Bahadur Ahmad. Review on Dr Hunter`s Indian Musalmans: Are they bound in conscience to rebel against the Queen? Benaras: Medical Hall Press, 1872.
KURZMAN, Charles. ―Modern Thought.‖ 456 in Encyclopedia of Islam and Modern World, Vol 2 (Ed.) Richard C. Martin. New York: Macmillan, 2004.
LAWRENCE, Bruce B. ―Islam in South Asia.‖ 282 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern Islamic World, Vol 2 (Ed.) John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
LELYVELD, D. ―Ahmad Khan (Sir) Syed.‖ 32 in Encyclopedia of Islam and Modern World, Vol 1 (Ed.) Richard C. Martin. New York: Macmillan, 2004.
Low, Sidney. A Vision of India. London: Smith & Elder, 1906.
MAJEED, Javed ―Modernity.‖ 456 in Encyclopedia of Islam and Modern World, Vol 2 (Ed.) Richard C. Martin. New York: Macmillan, 2004. 456.
MAJUMDAR, R. C. The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857. Calcutta: Mukhopadhyay, 1963.
MALIK, Hafeez. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
MALIK, Hafeez. ―Ahmad Khan, Sayyid.‖ p. 54 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern Islamic World, Vol 1 (Ed.) John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
MALIK, Hafeez ―Ahmad Khan, Sayyid.‖ 58 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Modern Islamic World, Vol 1 (Ed.) John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
MAY, Lini S. The Evolution of Indo-Muslim Thought after 1857. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1970.
MUJEEB, Mohammed. The Indian Muslims. London: Allen and Unwin, 1967.
NASR, S.V.R. "European Colonialism and the Emergence of Modern Muslim States." In The Oxford History of Islam. Edited by John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/book/islam-9780195107999/islam- 9780195107999-chapter-13 (accessed Oct 23, 2012).
NIZAMI, K.A. ―Foreword‖, in Altaf Hussain Hali, Hayat-i-Javed (A Biographical Account of Sir Sayyid), English Trans. K. H. Qadiri and David J. Mathews. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1979.
PARRAY, Tauseef Ahmad. ―Islamic Modernist and Reformist Thought: A Study of the Contribution of Sir Sayyid and Muhammad Iqbal‖, World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization [WJIHC],1(2):79-93,2011.Accessed http://idosi.org/wjihc/wjihc1(2)11/2.pdf Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Scientific Society, Ghazepur, Jan. 9, 1864, Fikr-o-Nazr (Aligarh), April 1963.
PETERS, Rudolph Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History, The Hague, the Netherlands: Mouton Publishers, 1979.
QURESHI, Ishtiaq Husain. The Muslim Community of Indo-Pak Subcontinent, 610-1947: A Brief Historical Analysis. The Hague, Mounton, 1962.
RAHMAN, Fazlur. ―Revival and Reform in Islam.‖ p. 641 in The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2, P. M. Holt and A. K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
RIZVI, Cf. S. A. A. ―The Breakdown of Traditional Society.‖ in The Cambridge History of Islam Vol. 2A (Eds.) P. M. Holt and A. K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
SETH, Sanjay. Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India. Duke University Press, 2007.
SHAH ABD AL-AZIZ, Fatawa-yi-Azizi, Vol. 2. Deoband: n.d.
TROLL, Christian W. Sayyid Ahmad Khan: A Reinterpretation of Muslim Theology. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1978.
VOLL, John O. ―Renewal and Reform in Islamic History: Tajdid and Islah‖, 32-45 in Voices of Resurgent Islam (Ed.), John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.