Mopsos mitosu ve anadolu’daki arkeolojik buluntular

Hellen sözlü geleneğinde kahin olmasının yanında bir kolonist olarak tanımlanan Mopsos Kolophon’dan yola çıkarak Filistin’in güneyindeki Ashkelon kentine kadar ulaşmistir.Mopsos’un göç rotası ile Tunç Çağı’nın sonunda gerçekleşen Miken saray sonrası göçler arasında dikkate değer tutarlılıklar bulunmaktadır. Özellikle aynı rota üzerinde GH III C seramiğinin ve saray sonrası döneme ait materyallerin ele geçtiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bununla birlikte Kilikya bölgesinde Mopsos’u tarihselleştiren önemli arkeolojik kanıtlar bulunmaktadır. Bu makale Batı Anadolu’da başta Panaztepe, Limantepe ve Bademgediği Tepe gibi yerleşimlerde ele geçen arkeolojik bulguların Filistin kıyılarindaki yerleşmelerde ele geçen bulgular ile benzerlik gostermesinden yola cikarak Mopsos mitosunun kayıp parçalarını birbirine eklenmektedir.

Myth of mopsos and archaeological findings in anatolia

Mopsos, who was described as a seer as well as a colonist in the Hellenic oral tradition, took a path from Colophon and reached to the city of Ashkelon in southern Palestine. There is a remarkable consistency between Mopsos’ migration routes and post-palatial migrations at the end of the Bronze Age. Especially, on the same route, LH IIIC pottery and post-palatial materials were observed. However, there is important archaeological evidence historicizing to Mopsos in Cilicia. Considering the similarities of the archeological findings uncovered in settlements primarily in Panaztepe, Liman Tepe, Bademgediği Tepe in Western Anatolia, and the ones uncovered in the settlements in the Palestinian coasts, this article connects the missing pieces of Mopsos’ myth.

PDF

___

AKDENİZ, Engin (2007). “Kadıkalesi Kazısı Miken Buluntuları” ,Ege Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Dergisi, IX: 35-70.
AKYURT, Metin. M.Ö. 2. Binde Anadolu’da Ölü Gömme Adetleri, Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu.
ALBRIGHT, F.W. (1975). “Syria, The Philistines and Phoenicia”, CAH II/2: 507-536.
ARRIANOS, (1949). İskender’in Anabasis’i, Çev. H. Örs, İstanbul.
BARNETT, R.D. (1953). “Mopsos”, Journal Hellenic Studies 73: 140-143.
BARNETT, R.D. (1975). "The Sea Peoples," in CAH II/2: 359-378.
BASEDOW, Maureen, (2002). “Cemetery and Ideology in the West Anatolian Coastal Region”, Mauer Schau I: Festschrift für Manfred Korfmann, ed. R. Aslan, S. Blum, G. Kastl, F. Schweizer and D. Thumn, Remshalden-Grunbach, 469-474.
BENTER, Mathias (2010). “Milas’taki Pilavtepe Miken Oda Mezarı”, T.T.K., Belleten LXXIV: 343-354.
BING, J.D. (1971). “Tarsus: A Forgotten Colony of Lindos”, JNS 30: 99-109.
BREMMER, J. (2000). “Mopsos”, DNP 8: 390-391.
BRIDGES, R. A. (1974). “The Mycenaean Tholos Tomb at Kolophon”, Hesperia 43: 264-266.
BRYCE, Trevor. (1998). The kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford,.
BRYCE, Trevor. (2010). “The Hittite deal with the Hiyawa-Men”, Pax Hethitica Studies on the Hittites and their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer, Edited by Yoram Cohen, Amir Gilan,and Jared L. Miller, Studien zu den Bogazköy-Texten 51: 47-53.
DESBOROUGH, R. d’A. (1964). The Last Mycenaeans and Their Successors, Oxford.
DREWS, Robert (1993). The end of the Bronze Age : Changes in Warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 BC, Princeton.
DUNBABIN, T.J. (1957). The Greeks and Their Eastern Neighbours, London.
ERKANAL, Armağan. (1992). “1990 Panaztepe Kazısı Sonuçları.” 13.. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı I: 447-455.
ERKANAL, Armağan. (1993). “1991 Panaztepe Kazısı Sonuçları.” 14. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı I: 495-502.
ERKANAL, Armağan. (1994). “1992 Panaztepe Kazısı Sonuçları.” 15. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı I: 461-466.
ERKANAL, Armağan. (2001). “1999 Sonuçları Toplantısı I: 269-273. Panaztepe Kazısı Sonuçları.” 22. Kazı
ERKANAL, Armağan. (2008). “The Late Bronze Age Cemeteries of Panaztepe”, Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar, ed. A.Erkanal-Öktü, S. Günel ve U. Deniz, Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları: 69-90.
ERKANAL, Armağan – GÜRLER, Binnur, (2003). “2001 yılı Panaztepe Kazıları”, 24. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı I, 227-232.
ERKANAL, Hayat. (2008). “Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Liman Tepe”, Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar, ed. A.Erkanal-Öktü, S. Günel ve U. Deniz, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayını, Ankara, 92-100.
ERKANAL, Hayat – ÖZKAN, Turhan, (1999). “1997 Bakla Tepe Kazıları”, 20. KST I: 337-355.
FAULKNER, Raymand (1975). “Egypt: From the Inception of the Nineteenth Dynasty to the Death of Ramesses III”, CAH II/2: 217–251.
FINKELBERG, Margalith (2005). Greeks and Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition, Cambridge.
FINKELBERG, Margalith (2007). “Mopsos and the Philistines: Mycenaean Migrants in the Eastern Mediterranean”, Greeks Between East and West, ed. H.G. Herman, I. Shatzman, Jerusalem, 31-44.
FRENCH, Elizabeth (1975). “A Reassessment of the Mycenaean Pottery at Tarsus”, AS 25: 53–75.
GATES, Marie-Henriette (2006). “Dating the Hittite Levels at Kinet Höyük:A Revised Chronology”, in D.Mielke, U.-D. Schoop, J. Seeher (eds.), Strukturierung und Datierung in der Hethitischen Archäologie. Structuring and Dating in Hittite Archaeology, Byzas 4, Deutsches Archäologisches Instituts, İstanbul, 293-309.
GATES, Marie-Henriette (2010). "Potters and Consumers in Cilicia and the Amuq during the 'Age of Transformations' (13th-10th centuries B.C.)." in F. Venturi (ed.), Societies in Transition. Evolutionary Processes in the Northern Levant between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age. Papers Presented on the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the New Excavations in Tell Afis, Bologna, 15th November 2007. Studi e testi orientali 9, Serie Archeologica 2 Bologna, 65-81.
GATES, Marie-Henriette (Baskıda). “Early Iron Age Newcomers at Kinet Höyük, Eastern Cilicia,”, Proceedings of the University of Haifa/Ben Gurion University 2001 workshop, “The Philistines and Other 'Sea Peoples.”, Beer Sheva.
GÜNEL, Sevinç. (2008). “Çine-Tepecik Kazıları ve Bölge Arkeolojisine Katkıları” Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar, ed. A.Erkanal-Öktü, S. Günel ve U. Deniz, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayını, Ankara, 129-139.
GÜNEL, Sevinç. (2010). “Mycenaean cultural impact on the Çine (Marsyas) plain, southwest Anatolia: the evidence from Çine-Tepecik”, AS 60: 25-49.
GÜR, Barış. (2011). “Yakındoğu'daki Kriz Yılları ve Anadolu'daki Kuraklık - Kıtlık, Göç Olgusu”, Arkeoloji Sanat dergisi - Sayı 137: 61-74.
HALİKARNAS BALIKÇISI (1973). Hey Koca Yurt, Bilgi Yayınevi, İstanbul.
HARRISON, T., BATIUK, S., SNOW, H., (2006). “2004 Yılı Tayinat Höyük Kazıları”, 27. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı II: 353-357.
HARRISON, Timothy (2010). “The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition in the North Orontes Valley”, in F. Venturi (ed.), Societies in Transition. Evolutionary Processes in the Northern Levant between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age. Papers Presented on the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the New Excavations in Tell Afis, Bologna, 15th November 2007. Studi e testi orientali 9, Serie Archeologica 2, Bologna, 83-102.
HAWKINS, J.D. (2006). “Puranda – Purpur, Purpurschnecke”, Reallexikonder Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archaologie, 115-116.
HERODOTOS (2002). Herodot Tarihi, Çev. M. Ökmen, İstanbul.
HOFFNER, Harry, (1992). “The last days of Hattusha”, The Crisis years : the 12° Century B.C. from beyond the Danube to the Tigris, Ward, W.A., Joukowsky, M.S. (eds.), 46- 52.
HOMEROS (1996). Odysseia, Çev. A. Erhat, A. Kadir, İstanbul.
HUXLEY, George, (1960). Achaeans and Hittites, Oxford.
IİIK, Fahri, (2008). “Mopsos Mitosu ve Bilimsel Gerçekler: Perge ve Karatepe’nin Kuruluşu üzerine”, Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu’na 65. Yaş Armağanı EUERGETES Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu zum 65. Geburtstag, 1. cilt, 571-586.
JANEWAY, Brian, (2006-2007). “Aegean Contact at Tell Ta’yinat and Vicinity in the Early Iron Age: Evidence of the Sea Peoples?”, Scripta Mediterranea, Vol. 27-28: 123-146.
JANEWAY, Brian, (2011). “Mycenaean bowls at 12th/11th century BC Tell Tayinat (Amuq Valley)”, On Cooking Pots, Drinking Cups, Loomweights And Ethnicity In Bronze Age Cyprus and Neighbouring Regions, An International Archaeological Symposiumheld in Nicosia, November 6th – 7th 2010, Edited by Vassos Karageorghis and Ouraina Kouka, Nicosia, 161-171.
JASINK, A. – MARINO, M. (2007). The West Anatolian origins of the Que Kingdom dynasty, in: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Hittitology, Roma 5-9 settembre 2005, Roma.
KILLEBREW, Ann, (2000). “Aegean-Style Early Philistine Pottery in Canaan during the Iron I Age: a Stylistic Analysis of Mycenaean IIIC:1b Pottery and its Associated Wares”, in E. D. Oren (ed.), The Sea Peoples and their World: A Reassessment ,Philadelphia, 233-253.
LEHMANN, G., – SHEVA, B., (2007). “Decorated Pottery Styles in the Northern Levant during the Early Iron Age and their Relationship with Cyprus and the Aegean”, in: Ugarit – Forschungen 39, 487-550.
LOPEZ-RUIZ, Carolina, (2009). “Mopsos and cultural exchange between Greeks and locals in Cilicia". In Antike Mythen. Medien, Transformationen, Konstruktionen (Fritz Graf Festschrift). Edited by U. Dill and Ch. Walde. Berlin-New York.
MAZAR, Amihai, (1985). “The Emergence of the Philistine Material Culture, IEJ 35.
MAZAR, Amihai, (2007). “Myc IIIC in the Land of Israel: Its Distribution, Date and Significance”, In: Beitak,M. and Czerny, E. (eds.) The Synchronisation of Civilizations in the EasternMediterranean in the SecondMillennium b.c. III. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd EuroConference Vienna, 28th of May–1st of June 2003. Vienna, 571–82.
MEE, Christopher. (1978). “Aegean Trade and Settlement in Anatolia in the second millenium b.c.”, Anatolian Studies 28, 121-156.
MERİÇ, Recep. (2001). “Metropolis Yakınındaki Hitit Çağdaşı bir Arzava Kenti”, İzmir Kent Kültürü Dergisi (Journal of City Culture, Special Issue on Archaeology), İzmir: 230-234.
MERİÇ, Recep. (2003). “Excavations at Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) 1999-2002 : A Preliminary Report”, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 53: 79-98.
MERİÇ, Recep, MOUNTJOY, Penelope, (2002). “Mycenaean Pottery from Bademgediği Tepe (Purunda) in Ionia: A Preliminary Report”, IstMitt 52: 79-98.
MOUNTJOY, Penelope, (1993). Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction (Oxford University Committee forArchaeology Monograph No. 36). Oxford, MOUNTJOY, Penelope, (1998). “The East Aegean–West Anatolian Interface in the Late Bronze Age: Mycenaeans and the Kingdom of Ahhiyawa”, AnatSt 48: 33-67.
MOUNTJOY, Penelope, (2005). “Mycenaean Connections with the Near East in LH IIIC: Ships and SeaPeoples”, In: Laffineur, R. and Greco, E. (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and EasternMediterranean: Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference. Athens, Italian School of Archaeology, 14–18 April 2004. Li`ege, 423-427.
MASPERO, Gaston, (1873). Review of F. Chabas’s Etudes. In Revue Critique d’Histoire et de Litterature, 81-86.
NIEMEIER, Wolf-Dietrich. (1998). “The Mycenaeans in western Anatolia and the problem of the origins of the Sea Peoples”, Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE: In Honor of Professor Trude Dothan, ed. S. Gitin, A. Mazar, E. Stern, Jerusalem: 17-65.
OETTINGER, Norbert, (2008). “The Seer Mopsos (Muksas) as a Historical Figure”, Anatolian Interfaces Hittites, Greeks and Their Neighbours, ed. Collins – Bachvarova – Rutherford, 63-66.
ÖZGÜNEL, Coşkun. (1983). “Batı Anadolu ve içerlerinde Miken etkileri”, Belleten 47: 697-743.
ÖZGÜNEL, Coşkun. (1987). “Selçuk Arkeoloji Müzesinde saklanan Miken Pyxisi ve düşündürdükleri”, Belleten 51: 535-547.
ÖZKAN, Turan. - ERKANAL, Hayat. (1999). Tahtalı barajı kurtarma kazısı, İzmir.
ÖZSAİT, Mehmet, (1994). “1993 yılı Sonuçları Toplantısı II, 153-174. Harmanören Mezarlık kazısı.” 16. Kazı
ÖZYAR, Aslı, (2003). “Architectural Reliefs in Anatolia through Time”, Identifying Changes: The Transition from Bronze to Iron Ages in Anatolia and its Neighbouring Regions Yazar/Editör: Fischer, Bettina - H. Genz - E. Jean - K. Köroğlu (eds.), İstanbul, 107-115.
PAUSANIAS (1933). Description of Greece, Vol. III. Book 6-8, çev. W. H. S. Jones, London.
PEKMAN, Adnan, (1970). Eskiçağda bazı Anadolu şehirlerinin tanrı ve kahraman ktistesleri, İstanbul.
PEKMAN, Adnan, (1989). Son kazı ve araştırmalar ışığı altında Perge Tarihi, T.T.K., Ankara.
PLINY (1989). Natural History libri III-VII, Cambridge.
POSTGATE, J., (2008). “The Chronology of the Iron Age seen from Kilise Tepe”, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, vol.45: 166-187.
POSTGATE, J. – THOMAS, D.C., (2007). Excavation at Kilise Tepe 1994-98: From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia, Ankara.
RAHMSTORF, Lorenz, (2005). “Ethnicity and Changes in Weaving Technology in Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterrranean in the 12th Century BC.”, In : Cyprus: Religion and Society: From the Late Bronze Age to the End of the Archaic Period: Proceedings of an International Symposium on Cypriote Archaeology, Erlangen, 23-24 July 2004. Münster, 143- 169.
RAHMSTORF, Lorenz, (2011). “Handmade pots and crumbling loomweights: Barbarian elements in the eastern Mediterranean in the last quarter of the 2nd millenium BC”, On Cooking Pots, Drinking Cups, Loomweights And Ethnicity In Bronze Age Cyprus and Neighbouring Regions, An International Archaeological Symposiumheld in Nicosia, November 6th – 7th 2010, Edited by Vassos Karageorghis and Ouraina Kouka, Nicosia, 315-330.
RAMSAY, W., (2004). The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia: Being an Essay of the Local History of Phrygia from the Earliest Times to the Turkish Conquest. Volume 1, Oxford.
SANDARS, Nancy, (1963). “Later Aegean Bronze Swords”, AJA 67: 117-153.
SANDARS, Nancy, (1978). The Sea peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean 1250-1150 B.C, London.
SINGER, Itamar. (1988). “The Origin of the Sea Peoples and Their Settlement on Coast of Canaan”, Society and Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1500-1000 B.C. ) ed. M. Heltzer and E. Lipinski, Leuven, 239-250.
SINGER, Itamar. (2000). “New Evidence on the End of the Hittite Empire’’, in E. D. Oren (ed.), The Sea Peoples and their World: A Reassessment, Philadelphia, 21-33.
STAGER, L., (1995). “The Impact of the Sea Peoples in Canaan (1185 - 1050 BCE),” in T. E. Levy (ed.), The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, London, 332-348.
STRABON. (2000). Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası: (Geographika XII-XIII-XIV), Arkeoloji ve Sanat yay., İstanbul.
ŞAHİN, Nuran, (1997). Klaros: Apollo Klarios Bilicilik Merkezi, İstanbul.
ŞAHİN, Nuran, (2007). “Notion-Klaros-Kolophon Üçgeninde Myken Sorunu” 65. Yaşında Coşkun Özgünel'e Armağan, 329-337.
ŞAHİN, Nuran, (2010). “Klaros, 2010”, 32. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı II: 151-163.
TEKOĞLU, Recai, (2000). “Eski Pamfilya Halkları ve Dilleri”, Adalya 4: 49-58.
TEKOĞLU, R. – LEMAİRE, A., (2000). “La Bilingue Royal Louvito-Phénicienne de Çineköy”, COMPTES RENDUS, ACADÉMIE DES INSCRIPTIONS ET BELLES- LETTRES, Juillet-Octobre, 961-1007.
THOMSON, George, (1988).Eski Yunan Toplumu Üstüne İncelemeler: Tarih Öncesi Ege I
TUBB, Jonathan, (2000). “Sea Peoples in the Jordan Valley”, in E. D. Oren (ed.), The Sea Peoples and their World: A Reassessment, Philadelphia, 181-196.
ÜNAL, Ahmet. (2006). “Hitit İmparatorluğu’nun Yıkılışından Bizans Dönemi’nin Sonuna kadar Adana ve Çukurova Tarihi”, ÇÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 15, Sayı 3. (Arkeoloji Özel Sayısı), 67-102.
WALDBAUM, J.C., (1966). “Philistine Tombs at Tell Fara and their Aegean Prototypes,” AJA 70: 31-40.
WOUDHUIZEN, Fred, (2006). The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples, Erasmus Üniversitesi yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Netherland.
YAĞCI, Remzi, (2007). “Soli (Kilikia)Miken IIIC Kapları”, in E. Öztepe, M. Kadioğlu (eds.) Patronus. Coşkun Özgünel’e 65. Yaş Armağanı, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul, 367-376.
YAĞCI, Remzi, (2008). “Kilikya’da Deniz Kavimleri Sorunu”, Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı kültürleri üzerine yeni araştırmalar, Ankara, 233-240.
YASUR-LANDAU, Assaf. (2003). The Many Faces of Colonization: 12th Century AegeanSettlements in Cyprus and the Levant, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 3: 45–54.
YASUR-LANDAU, Assaf. (2010). The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Bronze Age, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
YENER, A. – EDENS, C. – HARRISON, T. – VERSTRAETE, J. – WILKINSON, T. (2000). “The Amuq Valley Regional Project 1995-1998”, AJA Vol. 104. No: 2: 163-220.