DİJİTAL DİPLOMASİ: KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ ÇERÇEVESİNDEN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜYE ÜLKELERİ VE TÜRKİYE DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIKLARI İNTERNET UYGULAMALARI

Makalede dijital diplomasi kavramı ve Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeleri ile Türkiye Dışişleri Bakanlıklarının dijital diplomasi etkinlikleri ele alınmıştır. Dijital diplomasi kamu diplomasisinin bir alt başlığı olarak görülmektedir. Dijital diplomasi bilgi iletişim teknolojileri ve sosyal medya aracılığıyla gerçekleşen kamu diplomasi etkinlikleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Adı geçen ülkelerin kamu diplomasisi amaçları için internet siteleri ve sosyal medya uygulamaları bulunmaktadır. İnternet uygulamaları bütün olarak devletin yabancı kamuları bilgilendirme ve bağlantı kurma amacı ile kullandığı dış politika etkinliklerinin bir parçası olarak yer almaktadır. Makalede, Dışişleri Bakanlıklarının internet siteleri ve sosyal medya araçları içerik analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiş paylaşım yapılan dil seçenekleri, kullanılan sosyal medya araçları ve etkileşim düzeyi ortaya koyulmuştur. Veriler Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeleri ve Türkiye Dışişleri Bakanlıklarının içeriklerini en fazla İngilizce dilinde paylaştıkları ve Twitter’ın en sık kullanılan sosyal medya aracı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Etkileşim düzeyi değerlendirilen Twitter içeriklerinde ise diyalog ortamının kurulmadığı, internet uygulamalarının monolog şeklinde tek yönlü bilgi akışı sağlamaya yönelik ve bilgilendirme amacıyla kullanıldığı ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kamu Diplomasisi, Sosyal Medya, Avrupa Birliği, Türkiye, Dışişleri Bakanlığı

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY: EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES AND TURKEY MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS’ INTERNET USAGE FROM PUBLIC DIPLOMACY

In this article digital diplomacy concept is discussed and to understand digital diplomacy; European Union Member States’ and Turkish Ministries of Foreign Affairs’ internet usage are reviewed. Digital diplomacy is considered as a form of public diplomacy. Digital diplomacy can be defined as the sum of information and communication technologies and public media usage for achieving public diplomacy aims. All the countries mentioned above have their web sites and social media applications for public diplomacy purposes. Internet activities as a whole is used to assist in state’s foreign policy positions to inform and engage with foreign audiences. In this article, Ministry of Foreign Affairs internet sites and social media applications were reviewed by content analysis method for language options and list of social media applications together with interaction capacity. The collected data pointed out that the most frequent used language is English for EU member states’ and Turkish Ministry of foreign affair web site content while the most utilised social media application is Twitter. Twitter content reviewed in view of interaction capacity revealed a non dialogue type interaction, resulting in a monologue type one way information flow.

Keywords:

Public Diplomacy, Social Media, European Union, Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Relations,

PDF

___

Aouragh M. (2016). “Hasbara 2.0: Israel’s Public Diplomacy in the Digital Age”, Middle East Critique, 25(3): 271-297.
Adesina, O. (2017). “Foreign Policy in an Era of Digital Diplomasy” Cogent Social Sciences, 3: 1-13.
Alexa (2019) https://www.alexa.com/topsites Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2019
Andersson, M.; Gillespie, M.; Mackay, H. (2010). “Mapping Digital Diasporas @ BBC World Service: Users and Uses of the Persian and Arabic Websites”, East Journal of Culture and Communication, 3: 256–278.
BBC News Hub (2019) http://www.bbcnewshub.com/most-spoken-languages/aka Erişim Tarihi: 1.04.2018
Bennett, J. G. (2004). Design Fundamentals for New Media, NY: Thomson Delmer Learning.
Bjola C; Holmes M. (Eds.) (2015) Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, NY: Routledge.
Bjola, C.; Jiang, L. (2015). “Social Media and Public Diplomacy: A Comparative Analysis of the Digital Diplomatic Strategies of the EU, US and Japan in China”. C. Bjola; M. Holmes (Eds.), Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. NY: Routledge. 71-88.
Bruce, P.; Shelley, R. (2010). “Assessing Stakeholder Engagement”, Communication Journal of New Zealand, 11(2), 30-48.
Castells, M. (2008). “The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks and Global Governence”, The Annals of The American Academy, 616: 78-93.
Cull, N. (2009). Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past, Los Angeles: Figueroa Press.
De Gouveia, P. F.; Plumridge, H. (2015). Infopolitik: Developing EU Public Diplomacy Strategy, London: The Foreign Policy Centre.
Digital Diplomacy Rating (2017). https://twitter.com/Diplomacy_Live 10.04.2019
Eurostat (2019). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Archive:Internet_access_and_use_statistics_-_households_and_individuals&oldid=379591 Erişim Tarihi: 2.04.2018
Eurostat Regional Yearbook (2018). editionhttps://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/9210140/KS-HA-18-001-EN-N.pdf/655a00cc-6789-4b0c-9d6d-eda24d412188 Erişim Tarihi: 7.04.2019
Gregory, B. (2011). “American Public Diplomacy: Enduring Characteristics, Elusive Transformation”, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 6:3/4: 353-369.
Hanson, F. (2012). Revolution@ State: The Spread of Ediplomacy, Sydney: Lowy Institute for International Policy.
Heine, J.; Turcotte J. F., (2012). “Tweeting as Statecraft: How, Against All Odds, Twitter Is Changing the World’s Second Oldest Profession”, Crossroads: The Macedonian Foreign Policy Journal, 3(2): 57-70.
Hocking, B; Melissen J. (2015). Diplomacy in the Digital Age, Clingendael: Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
Holmes, M. (2015). “Digital Diploacy and International Change Management” Corneliu Bjola and Marcus Holmes (Eds) Digital Diplomacy Theory and Practice, London: Routledge. 13-32.
Internet World Statistics (2019). https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm Erişim Tarihi: 2.04.2019.
Internetlivestats (2019). http://www.internetlivestats.com/total-number-of-websites/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2018
Kaplan, A.M. and Haenlein, M. (2010). “Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media”, Business Horizons, 53(1): 59-68.
Kaplan, A.M. and Haenlein, M. (2012). “Social Media: Back to the Roots and Back to the Future”, Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 14(2): 101-104.
Korkmaz, A.; Böyük, M. (2019). “Sosyal Medya Ortamlarının Diplomasi İletişiminde Kullanımı: Weibo Sosyal Medya Platformu Örneği”, Simetrik İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1): 37-47.
Ledingham, J. A.; Bruning, S. D. (1998). “Relationship Management in Public Relations: Dimensions of an Organization-Public Relationship” Public Relations Review, 24(1): 55-65.
Manheim, J. B. (1990). Strategic Public Diplomacy: The Evolution of Influence. NY: Oxford University Press.
Medium (2019). https://medium.com/digital-diplomacy/whats-the-first-ever-presidential-email-324ddcd82fca Erişim Tarihi 10.04.2018
Melissen J. (2013). “Public Diplomacy.” Cooper, A. F.; Heine, J.; Thakur, R. (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 436–452
Melissen J. ; Keulenaar, E. V. (2017a). “Critical Digital Diplomacy as a Global Challenge: The South Korean Experience”, Global Policy, 8(3): 294-302.
Melissen J.; Keulenaar, E. V. (2017b). The Case for Critical Digital Diplomacy Working Paper Project “Diplomacy in the 21st Century”, 7, Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
Mickoleit, A., (2014). Social Media Use by Governments: A Policy Primer to Discuss Trends, Identify Policy Opportunities and Guide Decision Makers, OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, 26, Paris: OECD Publishing.
Miriyam A. (2016). “Hasbara 2.0: Israel’s Public Diplomacy in the Digital Age!”, Middle East Critique, 25(3): 271-297.
Rahaghi, J. (2011). “New Media or Old in Egypt and South Korea?” Rugh, W. A. (Ed) The Practice of Public Diplomacy, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. 175-190.
Rashica, V. (2018). “The Benefits and Risks of Digital Diplomacy”, South East European University Review, 13(1): 75-89.
Saib, P. (2013) Real Time Diplomacy- Politics and Power in the Social Media Era, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
Saka, E.; Ezgin, S. A. (2016). “Dijital Diplomasi: Bir Literatür İncelemesi”, Sunar-Cankurtaran, B. (Ed) Uluslararası İlişkilere Disiplinlerarası Bir Yaklaşım: Uluslararası İletişim Perspektifi, İstanbul: Röle Akademik Yayıncılık. 55-74.
Sandre, A. (2015). “Introduction: The Road to Diplomacy 3.0”, Sandre, A. (Ed) Digital Diplomacy: Conversations on Innovation in Foreign Policy, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. xvii-xxxvi.
Sayımer İ (2008). Sanal Ortamda Halkla İlişkiler, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
Sotiriu, S. (2015). “Digital Diplomacy Between Promises and Reality” Corneliu Bjola and Marcus Holmes (Eds) Digital Diplomacy Theory and Practice, London: Routledge. 33-51.
Statisca (2019). https://www.statista.com/chart/16256/facebook-users-in-europe/A Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2018
Statisca (2019). https://www.statista.com/statistics/274773/global-penetration-of-selected-social-media-sites/ Erişim Tarihi: 7.04.2018
Statisca (2019). https://www.statista.com/statistics/282087/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users/ Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2019
Statisca (2019). https://www.statista.com/statistics/377585/household-internet-access-in-eu28/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2018
Statisca (2019). https://www.statista.com/statistics/377697/internet-usage-at-home-european-countries/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2018
Statisca (2019). Most Common Languages on Internet https://www.statista.com/statistics/262946/share-of-the-most-common-languages-on-the-internet/ Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2018
Szondi, G. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities and Differences, Clingendael: Nederland Institute of International Relations.
Szondi, G. (2009). “Central and Eastern European Public Diplomacy.” Snow N.; Taylor, P. (Eds) Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, Routledge, NY. 292-313.
Tassilova, A; Zhappasov, Z.; Shyngyssova, N.; Sarybayev, M.; Sadenova, A; Tasylova, N.; Kozgambayeva, G. (2018). “Comparative Analysis on Digital Diplomacy: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan”, Astra Salvensis, 11: 321-332.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2019). http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist Erişim Tarihi: 2.04.2018
Yağmurlu, A. (2011). “Kamu Yönetiminde Halkla İlişkiler ve Sosyal Medya” Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 7(1): 5-15.
Yağmurlu, A. (2012). “Twiplomacy: The Role of Social Media in the EU Public Diplomacy” 4th European Communication Conference-Social Media Global Voices, 24-27 Ekim 2012, İstanbul.
Yamamoto, T. (2011). “U.S. Public Diplomacy 2.0 in Asia: Beyond Catch-up” Rugh, W. A. (Ed) The Practice of Public Diplomacy, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. 143-158.
Yang, A. (2015). “Soft Power, NGOs and Virtual Communication Networks: New Strategies and Directions for Public Diplomacy” Golan, G.; Yang, S.; Kinsey D.(Eds) International Public Relations and Public Diplomacy, NY: Peter Lang. 297-314.
Yücel, G. (2016). “Dijital Diplomasi”, TRT Akademi, 1 (2): 748- 760.
Zahang, J.; Fahmi, S. (2015). “The Use of Social Media in Public Diplomacy” Golan, G.; Yang, S.; Kinsey D.(Eds) International Public Relations and Public Diplomacy, NY: Peter Lang. 315-332.