Çukurova Bölgesinde Yetiştirilen Yerfıstıklarında Hasat, Kurutma ve Depolama Kademelerinde Aflatoksin Oluşumu

Aflatoksin bulaşıklıkları yerfıstığı ve ürünlerinde rastlanan önemli sorunlardan biridir. Bu çalışmada yerfıstığında farklı dönemlerdeki toplam aflatoksin seviyelerinin ve bu toksin oluşumları için kritik dönemlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, 38’i hasattan hemen sonra, 16’sı kurutma ve 22’si depolama dönemlerinden alınmış toplam 76 yerfıstığı örneği kullanılmıştır. Örneklerdeki fungal floranın tanımlanması klasik tür teşhis anahtarları kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Toplam aflatoksin oluşumları CD-ELISA (Competitive Direct- Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Hasattan hemen sonra alınmış olan 38 örneğin 5’inde ve kurutma aşamasında 2 örnekte toksin içeriği saptanmazken, hasat sonrası 33 örnekte 0.2-16.3 ppb, kurutma döneminde 14 örnekte 0.2-11.2 ppb ve depolama döneminde 22 örnekte 0.1-38.1 ppb seviyelerinde toksin bulaşıklığı belirlenmiştir. Aflatoksin düzeyleri; depo döneminde kurutma ve hasat sonrasına göre, kurutma döneminde hasat sonrasına göre istatistiksel olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak kurutma ve depolama dönemlerinin aflatoksin oluşumu için kritik dönemler olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Aspergillus, CD-ELISA, Toplam Aflatoksin, Yerfıstığı.

Aflatoxin Occurrence in Peanuts Grown Cukurova Region at Harvest, Drying and Storage Phases (Turkish with English Abstract)

Aflatoxin contamination is one of the important problem on peanuts and products. The aim of this study was detected aflatoxin formations and critic periods of toxin production on peanuts which are collected from different periods. In the present study, total 76 peanuts samples were investigated which are 38 from freshly harvested, 16 drying and 22 storage phases. Mycoflora is determined by using classical identification key of species on samples. Total aflatoxin formation on peanuts were analysed by CD-ELISA. Toxin contamination detected from samples are as follows; out of total 33 samples from freshly harvested peanuts 0.2-16.3 ppb and 14 samples in drying phase 0.2-11.2 ppb and 22 storage periods 0.1-38.1 ppb. Toxin contamination is not found on 5 samples from freshly harvested and 2 samples from drying phase. Aflatoxin levels were detected statistically high in storage phase according to drying and postharvest and in drying phase as to postharvest (p<0.05). As a result storage and drying phases were detected critical periods for aflatoxin formation.

Keywords:

Aspergillus, CD-ELISA, Total Aflatoxin, Peanuts. ,

PDF

___

Agrios GN. 1997. Plant Pathology. 4‘“ Ed. Academic Press, 635 pp., San Diego, CA, USA. 2. Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CN and Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory Mycology, John Wileyâ Sons inc., 869 p, USA.
Arıoğlu H. 1999. Yağ Bitkileri Yetiştirme ve lslahı . Ç. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No: 220, Adana, 175 sayfa.
' Bankole SA and Adebanjo A. 2003. Mycotoxins in food in West Africa: current situation and possibilities of controlling it. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2(9): 254-263.
GIDA YIL: 31 SAYI : 4 TEMMUZ-AĞUSTOS 2006
DİE. 2002. Tarımsal Yapı (Üretim, Fiyat ve Değer). T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü. Ankara.
' 1. EMAN. 2003. Mycotoxin Fact Sheets. The European Mycotoxin Awareness Network, Online Leatherhead Food
FAO. 1993. "Production year- -book" Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome.
Gül A. Arıoğlu H Tülücü K Biçici M, Özgür F ve Fenercioğlu H. 2001. Osmaniye'nin Simgesi: Yerfıstığı (Ekonomisi.
Hell K. Cardwell KF, Setamou M and Poehling HM. 2000a. The influence of storage practice on aflatoxin contamination in maize in four agroecological regions in Benin, West Airica. J. Stored Prod. Res., 36: 365—382.
Hocking AD. 2003. Microbial facts and fictions in grain storage. Proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical
Conference, pages 55-58, 25-27 June 2003. Canberra.
Hollinger K and Ekperigin HE. 1999. Mycotoxicosis in food producing animals.Vet. Clin.North Am.15:133—165.
IAFtC. 1993. lAFtC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 56. Some naturally occurring tARC. 2002. Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IAFiC Monogr Eval
Kaaya NA and Warren K. 2005. A review of past and present research on aflatoxin in Uganda. African Journal of Food
Kaaya AN, Warren K, Adipala E and Kyamanywa S. 2000. Mycotoxin identification and incidence in Maize and Groundnuts in Iganga and Kumi Districts Uganda. ln Abstracts Uganda from the Seventh Annual Report of the '21. Lawlor PG and Lynch PB. 2001. Mycotoxins in pig feeds. 1: Sourca of toxins, prevention and management of
Olsen M. 2003. Postharvest formation of mycotoxins: a lack of knowledge or action? Abstracts of The Second World
Osweiler GD. 1992. Mycctoxins. ln: Diseases of Swine. 735-743. (A. D. Leman. B. E. Straw. WL. Mengling, S, D'Ailaire
Pitt Jl. and Hocking AD. 1985. "Fungi and Food Spoilage". Sydney,N.S.W. Academic Press.
Pixton SW. 1982. The importance of moisture and equilibrium relative humidity in stored products. Trop. Stored Prod.
Raper BK and Fennell Dl. 1977. The Genus Aspergillus. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company Huntington. 686 pages.
Rossetto CAV, Silva OF and Silva Araüjo AE. 2005. Storage peanut kernels fungal contamination and aflatoxin as affected by liming, harvest time and drying. Ciância Rural. Santa Maria. 35(2): 309-315.
Huiqian L, Qian Y, Thanaboripat D and Thansukon P. 2004. Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus and Allatoxin Production.
KMITL Science Journal, 4(1): 238-246. Samson RA and Pitt J . 1990. Modern Concepts in Penı'cı'llı'um and Aspergillus Classification. NATO ASI Series, Plenum
Sanders TH. 1995. Harvesting, storage and quality ol peanuts. 23-31. In Peanuts Health Management. (Melcuk, H.A. and Shokes, F.M. Eds). AM. Phytopath. Sc. Press, St. Paul.MN.
Sanders TH and Bett KL. 1995. Effect on harvest date on maturity, maturity distribution and şavor of Florunner peanuts.
Scheidegger KA and Payne GA. 2003. Unlocking the secrets behind secondary metabolism: A review of Aspergillus flavus trom pathogenicity to functional genomics. Journal of Toxicology-Toxin Reviews. Vol. 22(2-3): 423-459.
Semple RL, Hicks PA. Lozare JV and Castermans A. 1992. Towards Integrated commodity and pest management in grain storage.526 pages. www.fao.orgidocreg/x5048E/x504BE00.htm (May 1992).
Shane SM. 1994. Economic issues associated with aflatoxin. in D. L. Eaton and J. D. Groopman (Eds). The Toxicology of Aflatoxin: Human Health, Veterinary and Agricultural Significance. Academic Press, Inc., 513-527 p. Boston.
TGK. 2002. Türk Gıda Kodeksi, Gıda Maddelerinde Belirli Bulaşenların Maksimum Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi Hakkında
Tebliğ. Resmi Gazete Tebliğ No:2002 63.