Eklemeli İmalat Teknikleri ve Gemi İnşaatı Endüstrisindeki Potansiyeli

Eklemeli imalat teknikleri, geleneksel imalat yöntemlerinden olan aşındırmalı ve şekil vermeli üretim yöntemlerinden farklı olarak yapı malzemesinin üst üste katmanlar şeklinde dizilmesiyle yapılan üretim şeklidir. Özellikle, son 20 yılda büyük gelişmeler yaşanan eklemeli imalat tipleri kendi içinde, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ve American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standartlarına göre, üretim şekli ve kullanılan malzemelere bağlı olarak yedi ana alt sınıfa ayrılmaktadır. Tüm bu yöntemlerin bilinen en karakteristik özelliği, kompleks geometriye sahip parçaların daha hızlı ve düşük maliyetlerle üretilebilmesidir. Üretime kattığı yenilikçi bakış açısına bağlı olarak, ürünlerin dizaynlarına uygulanacak topoloji optimizasyonu ile birlikte daha az bileşenli, daha karmaşık ve daha hafif parçaların aynı dayanımda üretilmesinin yolunu açmaktadır. Havacılık, sağlık ve otomotiv gibi sektörlerde yoğun şekilde kullanılan bu imalat yönteminden gemi inşaatı endüstrisinin de faydalanması kaçınılmazdır. Loydların ve tersanelerin işbirliği ile son 10 sen içerisinde yapılan önemli fizibilite çalışmaları bulunmakta, buna ek olarak çeşitli donanmalar ve araştırma kuruluşları tarafından aktif olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı eklemeli imalat tekniklerinin gemi inşaatı endüstrisindeki potansiyelini incelemektir. Bu inceleme yapılırken hem akademik hem de sanayi alanındaki potansiyeli; literatür araştırması, sanayi ve akademik alandan uzman görüşlerinin alınması ve akademik alan için yapılan fizibilite çalışmasıyla incelenmiştir. Akademik alanda araştırmalarda kullanılan pervaneler, gemi modelleri ve dümen yapılarının üretim potansiyeli incelenmiştir. Sanayi alanında kullanılan parçalar ise konstrüksiyon ve donatım parçaları olarak iki alt başlıkta incelenmiştir. Yapılan inceleme sonucunda akademik alanda kullanılacak ürünlerin satın alınması yerine yazıcılarla üretilmesiyle daha düşük maliyetli ürünler elde edilebileceği görülmüştür. Sanayi alanında ise donatım parçaları ve bazı konstrüksiyon ürünlerinde kullanılmasının hız ve maliyet açısından avantaj sağlayabileceği gösterilmiştir. Son olarak, eklemeli imalat yöntemlerinin en temel sorunlarından olan sertifikalandırma konusuyla ilgili olarak çeşitli klas kuruluşları ve standartlardan genel hatlarıyla bahsedilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Eklemeli imalat, 3 boyutlu baskı, gemi inşaatı, deniz araçları

Additive Manufacturing Techniques and Their Potential in the Shipbuilding Industry

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, unlike traditional manufacturing methods with abrasion and shaping, are the production methods made by stacking the building material in layers on top of each other. In particular, additive manufacturing types, which have experienced great developments in the last 20 years, are divided into 7 main subclasses according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards, according to the production method and the materials used. The most characteristic feature of all these techniques is that parts with complex geometries can be produced faster and at low cost. Additive manufacturing paves the way for the production of complex and lighter parts with the same strength, together with topology optimization. It is inevitable that the shipbuilding industry also benefit from additive manufacturing, which is used extensively in fields such as aviation, health and automotive. There are important feasibility studies carried out in the last 10 years with the cooperation of Loyds and shipyards as AM is actively used by various navies and research institutions. The central theme of this study is to examine the potential of additive manufacturing techniques in the shipbuilding industry. An in-depth literature review is presented including expert opinions from industry and academia, and a feasibility study is presented. From the academic point of view, fabrication of propellers, ship models and rudder structures used in academic research is examined. It has been seen that low-cost products can be fabricated by 3D printers instead of purchasing products to be used in the academic research. On the other hand, parts used in the industry are examined under two sub-categories: construction and equipment parts. In shipbuilding industry, it has been found that the usage of AM in equipment parts and some construction products will provide advantages in terms of speed and cost. Finally, various classification societies and standards are mentioned in general terms regarding the certification issue, which is one of the most fundamental problems of additive manufacturing techniques.

Keywords:

Additive manufacturing, 3D printing, shipbuilding, marine structures,

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