Ekonomik Büyümenin Çevreye Etkilerinin Farklı Gelişmişlik Düzeyindeki Ülkeler İçin İncelenmesi

Bu çalışmada, farklı gelişmişlik düzeyindeki ülke grupları için 1980-2013 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde enerji tüketimi, kişi başı reel gayri safi yurt içi hâsıla (GSYH), kişi başı reel GSYH’nin karesi, kentleşme, ticari serbestleşme ve CO2 emisyonu ilişkisi analiz edilerek, Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezi bağlamında farklı gelişmişlik düzeyindeki ülke gruplarında ekonomik büyüme ve çevre kirliliği ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Ayrıca 2005 yılında yürürlüğe giren Kyoto protokolünün CO2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi için, 2005 yılı için enerji tüketiminde kukla değişken kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre yüksek orta gelirli ve düşük orta gelirli ülke gruplarında ÇKE hipotezi geçerliliği doğrulanırken, gelişmiş ve az gelişmiş ülke gruplarında ÇKE hipotezinin geçerliliği doğrulanamamıştır. Tüm ülke gruplarında enerji tüketiminin katsayısı pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Ticari serbestleşmedeki bir artış az gelişmiş ve düşük orta gelirli ülke gruplarında karbon dioksit emisyonunu artırırken, yüksek orta gelirli ülke grubunda karbon dioksit emisyonunu azaltmaktadır. Gelişmiş ve az gelişmiş ülke gruplarında kentleşmedeki bir artış CO2 emisyonunu azaltırken, yüksek orta gelir ve düşük orta gelir grubunda ise CO2 emisyonunu artırmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülke grubunda Kyoto kukla değişkeninin katsayısı negatif işaretli, düşük orta gelir ülke grubunda pozitif işaretli ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma, Ekonomik büyüme, Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi, Panel veri analizi

The Effects of Economic Growth on Environment for Different Income Group Countries

This study, which aims at investigating economic growth and environmental pollution nexus for groups of countries with different development levels in the context of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, is to analyze the relationship between energy consumption, real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the square of real GDP per capita, urbanization, trade liberalization and CO2 emissions for the period of 1980-2013 for groups of countries with different development levels. In addition, in order to examine the impact of the Kyoto Protocol which came into force in 2005 on carbon emissions, a dummy variable was used for energy consumption in 2005. According to the findings, the existence of EKC hypothesis is validated for lower middle income and upper middle income country groups, while the existence of the hypothesis is not validated for low income and high income country groups. In all country groups, the coefficient of energy consumption is positive and statistically significant. An increase in trade liberalization increases carbon dioxide emission levels in lower middle income and low income country groups, whereas an increase in trade liberalization in upper middle income country group reduces the emission level. An increase in urbanization in developed and underdeveloped countries reduces CO2 emissions while increasing CO2 emissions in the upper middle income and lower middle income groups. In the high income country group, the coefficient of the Kyoto dummy variable is negative and statistically significant; it has positive sign in lower middle income country group and statistically significant.

Keywords:

Sustainable development, Economic growth, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Panel data analysis,

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