Gao Xingjian’ın Ruh Dağında Mit, Folklor ve Sözlü Geleneğin Temsili

Gao Xingjian, kahramanın Yangtze Nehri’nin kaynağından Çin Denizi ile buluşanakadar beş aylık yolculuğunu izleyen ünlü romanı Ruh Dağı ile tanınan, Çinlibir Nobel Ödülü sahibidir. İsimsiz anlatıcı, Doğu Çin’in Tibet sınırındaki uzakyerlerine bir gezi yapar ve Mao Zedong liderliğindeki Kültür Devrimi’nin yolaçtığı yıkımı üzerinde yoğunlaşır. Kızıl Muhafızlar, kalkınma adına ve moderniteyikucaklama çabalarıyla, halkın topraklarına ve yerine kök salma duygusunutamamen yok etmiş ve onları yapay; bu insanlara yabancı bir yaşamı benimsemeyezorlayan bir tür zorunlu hafıza kaybı dayatmıştır. Gao Xingjian, romanında azınlıktopluluğunun rüyalarını ve sözlü halk anlatılarını araştırıyor ve ayrıca kültürlerininayrılmaz bir parçası olan çeşitli mitleri, inançları, efsaneleri ve ritüelleri irdeliyor.Makale, nesilden nesile aktarılan sözlü gelenekte uygarlığın karakteristik biçiminive geleneklerini, efsanelerini, geleneksel bilgilerini, inançlarını, hurafelerini vekültürlerini korumada mitlerin, folklorun ve sözlü geleneğin rolünü incelemeyiamaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca kritik siyasi durum altında gömülü geçmişin izlerini temsiletmeye çalışır. Soul Mountain, ulusun geçmişine bir yolculuk yapar ve daha sonraonu bu yerli halkın ekolojik mirasını vermek ve korumak için bir kaynak olarakkullanır. Buradaki amacım,bu romanı çevresel bir perspektiften ve insanlarıntoprak ve kültürle olan bağlarının nasıl biyosferin ekolojisinden ayrılmaz olduğunuincelemektir. Metnin çözümlenmesinde yerel ekoeleştiri, yer, peyzaj, derin ekoloji,biyosentizm gibi ekoeleştiri metodolojik araçları kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Gao Xingjian, yerli ekoeleştiri, kültürel bellek, mitler

Representation of Myth, Folklore and Oral Tradition in Gao Xingjian’s Soul Mountain

Gao Xingjian is a Chinese Nobel Laureate in Literature best known for his renowned novel Soul Mountain that traces the five month journey of the protagonist from the source of the Yangtze River till it meets the China Sea. The unnamed narrator makes a trip to the remote places of the eastern China bordering Tibet and highlights the ravages caused by Cultural Revolution under the leadership of Mao Zedong. In the name of development and in their bid to embrace modernity the Red Guards completely destroyed the people’s sense of rootedness to their land and place and imposed a kind of forced amnesia that compelled them to adopt a life that is artificial and alien to these people. Gao Xingjian in his novel explores the dreams and oral folk narratives of the minority community and also explores the various myths, beliefs, legends and rituals that is integral to their culture. The paper seeks to examine the role of myths, folklore and oral tradition in preserving the characteristic form of civilization and its customs, legends, traditional knowledge, beliefs, superstition and cultures in oral tradition which are transmitted from generation to generation. It further makes an attempt to represent the traces of the buried past under the critical political situation. Soul Mountain makes a journey into the past of the nation and then used it as a source of imparting and preserving the ecological heritage of these indigenous people. The methodological tools of ecocriticism like indigenous ecocriticism, place, landscape, deep ecology, biocenticism have been applied for the analysis of the text.

Keywords:

Gao Xingjian indigenous ecocriticism, cultural memory, myths, landscape,

PDF

___

Reference 1 Barua, Krishna and Anurag Bhattacharyya. (2016). “Place, Landscape and Self in Gao Xingjian’s Soul Mountain,” in Simon C. Estok, I-Chun Wang and Jonathan White (eds) Landscape, Seascape and the Ecospatial Imagination. Routledge. 197-208.
Reference 2 Buell, Lawrence. (1995). The Future of Environmental Criticism: Environmental Crisis and Literary Imagination. Blackwell Publishing.
Reference 3 Carson, Rachel. (1999) Silent Spring. Penguin.
Reference 4 Glotfelty, Cheryll and Harold Fromm. (1996). The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. University of Georgia, 1996.
Reference 5 Kottak, Conrad P.(1999). “The New Ecological Anthropology”, American Anthropologist New Series, 10:1, 23-35.
Reference 6 McLaren, Anne E.(1994). “Folk Ecology and Epics in Rural China”, Asian Studies Review 18.1,77-88.
Reference 7 Moran, Thomas. (2002). “Lost in the Woods: Nature in Soul mountain”. Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, 14.2, 207-36.
Reference 8 Lee, Mabel. (2007). “Literature and Metaphysics: About Soul Mountain”. The Case for Literature. Yale University Press, 82-103.
Reference 9 ---. (2007). “The Voice of the Individual”. The Case for Literature. Yale University Press, 126-139.
Reference 10 Louie, Kam. (2001) “In Search of the Chinese Soul in the Mountains of the South”. The China Journal, No. 45, 145-49.
Reference 11 Miller, James.( 2003). Daoism: A Short Introduction. Oneworld Publications.
Reference 12 Monani, Salma and Joni Adamson. (2017). Ecocriticism and Indigenous Studies: Conversations from Earth to Cosmos. Routledge.
Reference 13 Xingjian, Gao. (2001). Soul Mountain. Trans. Mabel Lee. Harper Perennial.
Reference 14 Yeung, Jessica. (2008) Ink Dances in Limbo: Gao Xingjian’s Writing as Cultural Translation. Hong Kong University Press.
Reference 15 Relph, Edward.(1976). Place and Placelessness. Pion Limited.
Reference 16 Schama, Simon. (1995). Landacape and Memory. Alfred A. Knopf.
Reference 17 Swearer, Donald K (2009). Ecology and the Environment: Perspectives from the Humanities. Harvard University Press.
Reference 18 Tam, Kwok-kan (2001). Soul of Chaos: Critical Perspectives on Gao Xingjian. The Chinese University Press.
Reference 18 Tuan, Yi-Fu. (2001). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. University of Minnesota Press.
Reference 19 Ying, Li-Hua. (2010) Historical Dictionary of Modern Chinese Literature, The Scarecrow Press.
Reference 20 Zhang, Yinde. (2010) “Gao Xingjian and Forbidden Memory”. China Perspectives, 25-33.