DÜNYA VE DİL: DİLSEL GÖRELİLİK DÜŞÜNCESİNİN FELSEFİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Bu çalışmada dilin, düşünce üzerinde etkili olduğu iddia eden “dilsel görelilik” Humboldt, Sapir ve Whorf’un düşünceleri üzerinden, dil-düşünce ve dil-kültür ilişkisi açısından, felsefi olarak ele alınmaktadır. Humboldt dil-düşünce ilişkisini “eklemlenme” kavramıyla açıklar. Sapir dili düşüncenin kalıbı olarak kabul edip davranışlarla ilişkisini tartışır. Whorf ise dili kültürel bir fenomen olarak görürken; düşüncenin dilsel olduğunu söyler. Dil-kültür ilişkisinde Humboldt’un açıklamalarına dayanan “dünya görüşü” kavramı önemlidir. Sapir kültürel deneyimi, toplum ve kavram açısından değerlendirir. Whorf ise “kavramsal sistemler ve dilbilgisi kuralları” açısından değerlendirir. Dilsel göreliliğe son şeklini veren Whorf’tur. 1960’lı yıllardan sonra konuyla ilgili çok sayıda deneysel çalışma yapılmıştır. Ancak ortak bir sonuca ulaşamamıştır. Dilin düşünceye etkisi ne doğrulanabilmiştir ne de yanlışlanabilmiştir. Dilsel görelilikle ilgili teorik tartışmalarsa hâlâ sürmektedir. Makalede bu tartışmalardan hareketle önce Humboldt, Sapir ve Whorf’un görüşleri açıklanmış ardından görelilik, nesnellik, dilin dünya deneyimine etkisi gibi konular tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Dilsel görelilik, Dünya Görüşü, Humboldt, Sapir, Whorf, dil-düşünce ilişkisi, Linguistic relativity, Worldview, language-thought relationship

WORLD AND LANGUAGE: PHILOSOPHICAL ASSESSMENT OF LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY THOUGHT

In this article, "linguistic relativity", which claims that language is effective on thought, is discussed philosophically in terms of language-thought and language-culture relations through the thoughts of Humboldt, Sapir and Whorf. Humboldt explains the language-thought relationship with the concept of "articulation". Sapir accepts language as the pattern of thought and discusses its relation with behaviors. Whorf accepts language as a cultural phenomenon; says that thought is linguistic. The concept of "world view" based on Humboldt's explanations is important in the language-culture relationship. Sapir evaluates cultural experience in terms of society and concept. Whorf, on the other hand, evaluates it in terms of "conceptual systems and grammar rules". Whorf gave linguistic relativity its final form. After the 1960s, many experimental studies have been carried out on the subject. However, a common conclusion could not be reached. The effect of language on thought has neither been confirmed nor falsified. Theoric debates on linguistic relativity still continue. In the article, based on these discussions, first Humboldt, Sapir and Whorf's views were explained and then subjects such as relativity, objectivity, and the effect of language on world experience were discussed.

Keywords:

Linguistic relativity, Worldview, language-thought relationship, Humboldt, Sapir, Whorf,

PDF

___

Altuğ, Taylan. “Bedia Akarsu Armağanı” içinde Dil ve Bilinç, ed. Betül Çotuksöken ve Doğan Özlem, İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi, 2000.
Batisti Filippo. “Linguistic Relativity and its Relation to Analytic Philosophy.” Studia Semiotyczne, 31 (2017): 201-226. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 14, 2022. doi:10.26333/sts.xxxi2.10.
Batisti Filippo. “Is Linguistic Relativity a Kind af Relativism?.” Paradigmi, 37(2019): 415-428. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 14, 2022. doi:10.30460/95136.
Bittle, William. E. “Language and Culture Areas: A Note on Method.” Philosophy of Science, 20 no 4 (1953): 247-256.
Black, Max. “Linguistic Relativity: The Views of Benjamin Lee Whorf.” The Philosophical Review, 68 no 2 (1959): 228-238.
Bloom, Paul ve Keil, Frank C. “Thinking Through Language.” Mind & Language, 16 no 4 (2001): 351-367.
Boroditsky, Lera. “Does Language Shape Thought?: Mandarin and English Speakers’ Conceptions of Time”. Cognitive Psychology, 43 (2001): 1–22. Erişitm Tarihi: Temmuz, 18, 2022. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0748.
Brown, Roger Langham. Wilhelm von Humboldt's Conception of Linguistic Relativity. Paris: Maouton, 1967.
Deutscher, Guy. Dilin Aynasından, çev. Cemal Yardımcı, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2019.
Dufva, Hannele. “Language, Thinking and Embodiment: Bakhtin, Whorf and Marleau-Ponty.” İçinde Bakhtin Perspectives on Language and Culture: Meaning in Language, Art and New Media, editörler Finn Bostad, Craig Brandist, Lars Sigfred Evensen ve Hege Charlotte Faber, 133-146. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Fristedt, Peter. “Relativism and The Conversation of The World”. The Philosophical Forum, 49 no 3 (2018): 379-395.
Hill, Jane H. ve Mannheim, Bruce. “Language and World View”. Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992): 381–406.
Humboldt, von Wilhelm. On Language: The Diversity of Human Language Structure and Its Influence on The Mental Development of Mankind, çev. Peter Heath, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Kaye, Alan. S. (2009). “Linguistic Relativity.” içinde Key Ideas in Linguistics and The Philosophy of Language, editörler Siobhan Chapman ve Christopher Routledge, 116-119. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.
Kövecses, Zoltan. “Culture and Language”. Studia Slavica Hung, 55 (2010): 1–7. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 26 2022. doi:10.1556/SSlav.55.2010.2.x.
Kienpointner, Manfred. “Whorf and Wittgenstein. Language, World View and Argumentation”. Argumentation, 10, (1996): 475-494.
Lakoff, George. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About The Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Lucy, John A. “Through the Window of Language: Assessing The İnfluence of Language Diversity on Thought.” Segunda Epoca, 20, no 3(2005): 299-309.
Manchester, Martin L. The Philosophical Foundations of Humboldt's Linguistic Doctrines. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1985.
Mosenthai, Peter. “Language and Thought.” Theory Into Practice, 14(1975): 306-311. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 28 2022. doi:10.1080/00405847509542592.
Penn, Julia M. Linguistic Relativity versus Innate Ideas: The Origins of the Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis in German Thought. Hague. Paris: Mouton, 1972.
Sapir, Edward. “Language and Environment.” Am. Anthropol. 14, no 2 (1912): 226–242.
Sapir, Edward. Language: an Introduction to The Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt, 1921.
Sapir, Edward. Language, Culture, and Personality. Editör David. G. Mandelbaum, Berkeley, Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1949.
Sharifian, Farzad. “Cultural Linguistics and Linguistic Relativity.” Language Sciences 59, (2016): 83–92. Erişim Tarihi: 28 Mayıs 2021. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2016.06.002.
Underhill, James. M. Humboldt, Worldview and Language. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2009. Uygur, Nermi. Dilin Gücü. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları, 1994.
Whorf, Benjamin Lee. Language, Thought and Reality. New York: Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1959.
Wolff, Phillip ve Holmes, Kevin J. “Linguistic Relativity.” Cognitive Science, 3(2011): 253-265. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 28, 2022. doi:10.1002/wcs.104.