Türkiye'de vergi yükü ile siyasi eğilimler arasındaki ilişki: Yatay- kesit analizi

Bu çalışma vergi ahlâkı çerçevesinde, Türkiye’deki illerin vergi yükünün siya si partilerin oy dağılımlarının göreceli durumları ile arasındaki ilişkiyi ekonometrik olarak incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu ilişki; 1987, 1991, 1995 ve 1999 Türkiye genel milletvekili seçim dönemleri için yatay kesit analiziyle araştırılmıştır. Siyasi partiler ideolojik olarak Sağ siyasi partiler ve Sol siyasi partiler olmak üzere sınıf landırılmış ve oy oranları iller bazında düzenlenmiştir. Bulgular sonucunda, illerin kişi başı geliri ile vergi yükü arasında ters yönlü bir ilişki elde edilmiştir. En önemli bulgu ise, Türkiye’de illerin siyasi eğilimlerinin, illerdeki vergi yükü ile olan ilişki sinin vergi ahlâkı açısından elde edilen sonucu olmuştur.

The relationship between political preferences and tax burden of provinces in Turkey: Cross- section analysis

This study within framework tax morality, the econometric aimed to investigate the relationship between political preferences and tax burden relative to the dist ribution of votes in of provinces in Turkey. This relationship was investigated by cross-sectional analysis in 1987, 1991, 1995, and 1999 general parliamentary elections. It is also found in the paper that there is inverse relationship between tax burden and GDP per capita of the provinces. The tax burden of the provinces in Turkey was affected by the political structure of the provinces.

___

  • CKERT, Lucy F., Ann B. GILLETTE, Jorge MARTINEZ- VAZQUEZ, and Mark RIDER; (2007), “Voting on Tax Policy Design: A Test of the Selfish versus Social Preferences Hy potheses”, Public Finance Review, 35:(2), 263-284.
  • ADAM, Antonis, and Pantelis KAMMAS; (2007), “Tax policies in a globalized world: Is it politics after all?”, Public Choice, 133: 321–341.
  • AKTAN, C. Can; (2006) “Vergi Psikolojisinin Temelleri ve Vergi Ahlâkı”, İçinde: (Ed.) C.C. AKTAN, D.DİLEYİCİ ve İ.Y. VURAL, Vergileme Ekonomisi ve Vergileme Psikolojisi, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • ALM, James, Betty R. JACKSON, and Michael MCKEE; (1992), “Estimating The Determinants of Taxpayer Compliance With Experimental Data”, National Tax Journal, 45, 107-114.
  • ANAPONLİNE; (2007), “ANAP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://anapon line.net/index.php?option= com_content&task=view&id=16&It emid=34. 08.01.2009.
  • BBP; “BBP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.bbp.org.tr/portal/doku man/ 19Agustos2007Tuzuk.doc. 08.01.2009.
  • BELGENET; “Siirt ili Şırnak İlçesinin 1987 seçim yılı ver ileri”, http://www.belgenet.net/ayrinti.php?il_id=289&ilce_ i d = 3 2 8 4 & y i l _ i d = 1 0 & s o n u c _ g e t i r = T R U E & x = 5 2 & y = 7 . 09.04.2008
  • BELGENET; “Türkiye’deki Yapılmış Milletvekili Seçimlerine Katılmış olan Politik Partiler”, http://www.belgenet.net/ayrinti. php?yil_id=10&il_id=0. 08.04.2008.
  • CANSEN, Ege; “Cumhuriyetçiler ve Demokratlar”, http://www. hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/13311868.asp?-yazarid=260&gid=61, (26 Aralık 2009). 27.04.2011.
  • CHATTOPADHYAY, Saumen and Arindam DAS–GUPTA; (2002), “The Compliance Cost of The Personal Income Tax and Its Determinants”, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Report.
  • CHP; (2008), “CHP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.chp.org.tr/in dex.php?module= chpmain&page=list_party_info&pid=147. 08.01.2009.
  • COŞAR, Nevin; (2005), “Demokrat Parti Dönemi Maliye Politikası”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 60/1, 29-58.
  • DENNIS, Christopher, William S. MOORE and Tracey SOMER VILLE; (2007), “The impact of political parties on the distribu tion of state and local tax burdens”, The Social Science Jour nal, 44 339–347.
  • DP; (2008), “DP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.dp.org.tr/DPtuzuk. asp. 08.01.2009.
  • DPT; (2009), “Türkiye’deki İllerin Coğrafi Bölgelere Göre Sınıflandırılması”, http://www.dpt.gov.tr/bgyu/biid/-cog_bolge. html. 08.01.2009.
  • DSP; (2007), “DSP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.dsp.org.tr/MEP/ index.aspx?pageId=4. 08.01.2009.
  • DTP; (2007), “DTP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.sosyalistfo rum.org/dtp/6268-demokratik-toplum-partisi-tuzugu.html. 13.02.2009.
  • EMEP; (2009), “EMEP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.emep. org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&-id=27:- emek-parts-programi-ve-tuezueue&catid=37:program-ve- tuezuek&Itemid=78. 08.01.2009.
  • FJELDSTAD, Odd-Helge and Joseph SEMBOJA; (2001), “Why People Pay Taxes: The Case of the Development Levy in Tan zania”, World Development, 29, 2059-2074.
  • GELLENY, Ronald D., and Matthew MCCOY; (2001), “Global ization and Government Policy Independence: The Issue of Taxation”, Political Research Quarterly, 54, pp. 509-529.
  • GÜNER, Ümit; (2008), “Türkiye’de Vergi Bilincinin ve Vergi Ahlakının Oluşmasında Gelir İdaresinin Rolü”, Dokuz Eylül Üni versitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir.
  • HANSEN, Don R., Rick L. CROSSER and Doug LAUFER; (1992), “Moral Ethics v. Tax Ethics - The Case of Transfer Pric ing Among Multinational Cor¬porations”', Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 11, pp. 679-686.
  • HARVEY, A. C. (1976), “Estimating Regression Models with Multiplica-tive Heteroscedasticity”, Econometrica, Vol.44, No.3, pp. 461-465.
  • İP; (2006), “İP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.ip.org.tr/lib/pages/de tay.asp?goster= tbelgeler&belgetur=1. 08.01.2009.
  • JACKSON, Jennifer; (1996), An Introduction to Business Eth ics, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, pp. 156-157.
  • JAMES, Simon and Cristopher NOBES; (1996), The Econom ics of Taxation - Principles, Policy and Practice, Hemel Hemp stead, Prentice Hall Europe, pp. 100-105.
  • KEOGH, James; (1988) (Ed), Corporate Ethics: A Prime Busi ness Asset, A Report on Policy and Practice in Business Con duct, New York, Business Roundtable, February 1988, p. 2.
  • MB; Maliye Bakanlığı, İllere göre vergi gelirleri verileri. MHP; (2000), “MHP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.mhp.org.tr/tu zuk/tuzuk0.php. 08.01.2009.
  • ÖDP; (2006), “ÖDP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.odp.org.tr/genel/ tuzuk.php. 08.01.2009.
  • ÖNER, Erdoğan; (1986), Kamu Maliyesi, Ankara.
  • PUNCH, Maurice; (1996), Dirty Business-Exploring Cor¬porate Misconduct: Analysis and Cases, London, Sage Publications, p. 77.
  • RAMSEY, Frank P.; (1927), "A contribution to the theory of tax ation", The Economic Journal, Vol. 37 pp.47-61.
  • REED, William R.; (2006), “Democrats, Republicans, And Taxes: Evidence That Political Parties Matter” Journal of Public Economics, 90, 725–750.
  • SANDFORD, Cedric T.; (1973), “Hidden Costs of Taxation, London”, Institute of Fiscal Studies, pp. 104-121.
  • SEYİDOĞLU, Hail (1992), Ekonomik Terimler Ansiklopedik Sö zlük, Güzem Can Yayınları, No: 4, Ankara.
  • SHP; (2004), “SHP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.shp.org.tr/parti– tuzugu/. 08.01.2009.
  • SP; (2008), “SP Parti Tüzüğü, http://www.sp.org.tr/sayfa. asp?id=16. 08.01.2009.
  • SONG, Young-dahl and YARBROUGH, TINSLEY E.; (1978) “Tax Ethics and Taxpayer Attitudes: A Survey”, Public Adminis tration Review, v. 38.
  • STAINER, Alan, Lorice STAINER and Alexandra SEGAL; (1997), “The Ethics of Tax Planning”, A European Review, Vol ume:6, Number: 4, Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
  • TKP; (2006), “TKP Parti Tüzüğü”, http://www.tkp.org.tr/ soL?page=7. 08.01.2009.
  • TAMARI, Meir; (1995), “The Challenge of Wealth - A Jewish Perspective on Earning and Spending Money”, Northvale, NJ, lason Aronson Inc., pp. 230-235.
  • TORGLER, Benno, (2003a), "Tax Morale and Tax Evasion. Evidence from the United States,"Working papers, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Basel
  • TORGLER, Benno, (2003b), “The Importance of Faith: Tax Mo rale and Religiosity”, CREMA Working Paper Series, Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA), http://ideas.repec.org/p/cra/wpaper/2003-08.html,
  • TÜİK; (2008a), Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) “Türkiye’deki İllerin Kişi Başına Gelirleri”, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/-PreIstatistik Tablo.do?istab_id=532. 08.07.2008.
  • TÜİK; (2008b), “Türkiye’deki İllerin Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasılası”, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=533. 08.07.2008.
  • TÜİK; (2008c); “Milletvekili Genel Seçimi”, http://www.tuik.gov. tr/secimdagitimapp/secim.zul, 08.07.2008.
  • VOLKERINK, BjÃrn and HAAN, Jakob D.; (1999), “Political and Institutional Determinants of The Tax Mix: An Empirical In vestigation for OECD Countries”, http://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/ rugsom/99e05.html. 10.01.2008
  • WALTERS, Ralph E.; (1990), “Ethics and Excellence”, Man agement Accounting USA, Vol. 71, No. 7, January 1990, pp. 12-13.