TÜRKĠYE’DE KAMU HĠBE MEKANĠZMALARININ ETKĠNLĠĞĠ: GĠRĠġĠMCĠLĠK ĠLE KURULAN BAĞLANTI

Küçük iĢletmeler, Türkiye‟nin ekonomik kalkınması ve büyümesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalıĢma ile kamunun sağladığı hibe mekanizmalarının giriĢimcilik üzerinde var olan veya olmayan etkileri sorgulanmaktadır. Bölgesel kalkınmayı tetiklemek için giriĢimcilere kamu fonları aktarılmaktadır. Bu vesile ile yeni firma sayılarının, istihdamın ve ekonomik hareketliliğin artırılması hedeflenmektedir. Fakat günümüzde kamunun sağladığı hibeler verimlilik çerçevesinden bakıldığında sorgulanmaktadır. Bu makalede, ekonometrik analizler aracılığıyla Türkiye‟nin öne çıkan hibe programlarının verimliliği incelenmektedir. Beklentilerin aksine, çıkan sonuçlar göstermektedir ki, dağıtılan hibelerin kurulan yeni firma sayısı ve yeni firma doğum oranına anlamlı bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Bu araĢtırma neticesinde, hibe mekanizmaların türlerine ve miktarlarına göre yeni çalıĢmaların yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENTAL GRANT MECHANISMS IN TURKEY: LINKING WITH ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Small businesses play a significant role in economic development and growth in Turkey. This paper explores a rather different puzzle, which can be named as the questioning of the existence or nonexistence effect of government grants on entrepreneurship. In order to boost regional development, the government allocates grants to current or prospective entrepreneurs in order to increase the number of new firms, jobs, and economic activities. However, the grant programs are now controversial since they are criticized of their effectiveness. In this paper, the effectiveness of major governmental grant mechanisms has been assessed through econometric analysis. Contrary to the expectations, the outcomes of the analysis showed that the grants provided by public institutions have insignificant effects on the stimulation of entrepreneurship, in the context of new firm establishment and new firm birth rate. Therefore, this result led to further need to search the outcomes of types and amounts of governmental grant mechanism.

PDF

___

ACS, Z. J. and SZERB, L. (2007), “Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Policy”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 28, No. 2/3 (Mar.), pp. 109-122.
ALAM, S. (2013), “The Impact of Credit and Non-Credit Aspects on Self-Employment Profit: A Comparison of Microcredit Programs and Commercial Lenders in Rural Bangladesh”, The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 47 (1) (Spring), pp. 23-45.
ALDRICH, H. E. (1999), Organisations Evolving, Sage Publications.
ALVAREZ, S. and BUSENITZ, L. (2001), “The Entrepreneurship of Resource Based Theory”, Journal of Management, Vol. 27, pp. 755-775.
AYELE, S. (2006), “The Industry and Location Impacts of Investment Incentives on SME‟s Start-up in Ethiopia”, Journal of International Development, Vol. 18, pp. 1-13.
BARTIK, T. J. (1992), “The Effects of State and Local Taxes on Economic Development: A Review of Recent Research”, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol.6 (1), pp. 102- 110.
BLATTMAN, C., FIALA, N., and MARTINEZ S. (2014), “Generating Skilled SelfEmployment in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Uganda”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 697–752.
BONDONIO, D. and GREENBAUM, R. T. (2007), “Do Local Tax Incentives Affect Economic Growth? What Mean Impacts Miss in the Analysis of Enterprise Zone Policies”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol. 37, pp. 121-136.
BORELLO J. A. (1995), “Regional Development and Industrial Promotion in Argentina: A Review of Events and Writings”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 19 (4), pp. 576-592.
BOURLÈS, R. and COZARENCO, A. (2014), “State Intervention and the Microcredit Market: The Role of Business Development Services”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 43 (4), Special Issue: Firm Growth and Innovation (Dec.), pp. 931-944.
DAVIDSON, P. and HONING, B. (2003), “The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 20, p. 121.
CARD, J. (2015), “Free Money? How to Access Government Grants”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2015/apr/16/free-money-accessgovernment-grants-business (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
CHEN, C. C. (2014), “Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth, and Employment: A Case Study of Taiwan”, Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, Vol. 55 (1) (June), pp. 71-88.
DOGAN, C. (2011), “II. Mahmut Dönemi Osmanli Merkezilesme Politikasinin Dogu Vilayetlerinde Uygulanmasi”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Vol. 6/4 (Fall), pp. 505-521. DUCH, N., MONTOLIO, D., and MEDIAVILLA, M. (2007), “Evaluating the Impact of Public Subsidies on a Firm‟s Performance: A Quasi-Experimental Approach”, Institut d’Economia de Barcelona, Document de Treball, Vol.3, pp.1-29.
DURAN, H. (2018), “Türkiye‟de Devletin GiriĢimcilik Destekleri ve SeçilmiĢ Bazi DeğiĢkenlerin Yeni Firma Doğum Orani Üzerine Etkisi”, Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, Vol. 3(1), pp. 68-85. European Investment Fund, http://www.eif.org/ (access on Jan 15th, 2019). European Union, “Regional Policy”, https://europa.eu/european-union/topics/regionalpolicy_en (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
FAINI, R. and SCHIANTARELLI, F. (1987), “Incentives and Investment Decisions: The Effectiveness of Regional Policy”, Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Sep., 1987), pp. 516-533.
FERNHOLZ, T. (2015), “The World Bank Says Giving Money to Entrepreneurs Might Be The Best Jobs Program”, Quartz, https://qz.com/516040/the-world-bank-says-givingmoney-to-entrepreneurs-might-be-the-best-jobs-program/ (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
FISHER, P. S. and PETERS, A. H. (1998), “Industrial Incentives: Competition Among American States and Cities”, W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo.
FRUG, G. E. (2002), “Beyond Regional Government”, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 115, No. 7 (May), pp. 1763-1836.
GONZALEZ, J. L., JUNG, A., GONZALEZ, J. L., PENA, I., and ANYADIKE DANES, M. (2010), “Innovation-oriented start-ups in Latin American economies”, Fourth Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Research Conference, Sep. 30 – Oct. 2, London, UK.
GOSS, E.P. and PHILLIPS, J. M. (1999), “Do Business Tax Incentives Contribute to a Divergence in Economic Growth”, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 13 (3), pp. 217-228.
GU, Q., KAROLY, L. A., and ZISSIMOPOULOS, J. (2008), “An Analysis of What They Are, How Well They Perform, and How We Can Learn More about Them”, Small Business Assistance Programs in the United States, Kauffman-RAND Institute for Entrepreneurship Public Policy.
HULME, D. (1997), "Impact Assessment Methodologies for Microfinance: A Review", Paper prepared for CGAP’s Working Group on Impact Assessment, Washington, D. C. INGRAM, W. and PEARSON, S. (1981), “The Impact of Investment Concessions on the Profitability of Selected Firms in Ghana”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 29 (4), pp. 831-839.
Istanbul Development Agency (2020), Impact Analysis Survey, Istanbul.
JEHLE, G. and RENY, P. J. (2011), Advanced Microeconomic Theory, Pearson.
KANNEBLEY Jr., S., SEKKEL, J. V., and ARAÚJO, B. C. (2010), “Economic performance of Brazilian manufacturing firms: a counterfactual analysis of innovation impacts”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 339-353.
KARLAN, D. and ZINMAN, J. (2011), “Microcredit in Theory and Practice: Using Randomized Credit Scoring for Impact Evaluation”, American Association for the Advancement of Science - New Series, Vol. 332 (6035) (June 10th), pp. 1278-1284.
KOBI AS (2011), “Girisim Sermayesi – Presentation”, Bolgesel Gelismenin Finansmaninda Girisim Sermayesinin Rolu Sempozyumu, Ankara Development Agency, Ankara.
KOCH, Meinrad (2015), “Crossing the Valley of Death: Exploring Commercialization of Food Startups in Switzerland”, Master Thesis, Zurich University.
LISTER, K. (2011), “The Myth of Government Grants”, Entrepreneur, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/218135 (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
LOH, E. S. (1995), “The Effects of Jobs-Targeted Development Incentive Programs”, Growth and Change, Vol.24, pp. 365-383.
MADEN, S. I. (2012), “KOSGEB General Support Programme on Firms‟ Performance: Case of Lake District”, PhD Thesis, Suleyman Demirel University.
MARTINEZ-FIERRO S., BIEDMA-FERRER, J. M., and RUIZ-NAVARRO, J. (2016), “Entrepreneurship and Strategies for Economic Development”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 47, No.4, pp. 835-851.
MCKENZIE, D. (2015), “Identifying and Spurring High-Growth Entrepreneurship Experimental Evidence from a Business Plan Competition”, Policy Research Working Paper 7391, World Bank.
Ministry of Industry and Technology of Turkey (2015), “SME Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2018”, Ankara.
National Dialogue on Entrepreneurship, USA, News 12/11/2004. NCSS Statistical Software, “Stepwise Regression”, Chapter 311, pp. 01-09.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2005), “A Framework for the Development and Financing of Dynamic Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey”, https://www.oecd.org/turkey/35645635.pdf (access on Jan 26th, 2019).
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “Development”, http://www.oecd.org/development/ (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “Regional Development Policy”, http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/ regionaldevelopment. htm (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “SMEs and Entrepreneurship”, http://www.oecd.org/industry/smes/ (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
PARTAL, M. O. (2015), “ Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital in Turkey: Government‟s Role and an Intuitive Model”, 3rd International Regional Development Conference, Conference Proceedings, pp. 269-286.
PATEL, P. (2014), “Effectiveness of Entrepreneurship Development Interventions for Women Entrepreneurs: An ILO-WED Issue Brief”, Women’s Entrepreneurship Development Program, Small and Medium Enterprises Unit (SME) Enterprises Department, International Labor Organization.
PLESS, J. (2017), “Is Government Funding for Innovation Effective, and How Can We Spend It Wisely?”, News Opinion, Oxford Martin School, https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/opinion/view/362 (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
ROCHA, H. O. (2004), “Entrepreneurship and Development: The Role of Clusters”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 23, No. 5 (Dec.), pp. 363-400.
SCHALK, H. J. and UNTIEDT, G. (2000), “Regional Investment Incentives in Germany: Impacts on Factor and Growth”, Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 34, pp. 173-195.
SCHUMPETER, J. A. (1911 & 1934), “The Theory of Economic Development”, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
SCHUMPETER, J. A., Becker, M. C., and Knudsen, T. (2005), “Development”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2005), pp. 108-120.
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (2007), http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/english/TUBITAKcatalogue.pdf (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
SIMPEH, K. N. (2011), “Entrepreneurship theories and Empirical research: A Summary Review of the Literature”,European Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 3 (6), pp. 01-08.
SME Development Organization of Turkey (KOSGEB), http://en.kosgeb.gov.tr/site (access on Jan 15th, 2019).
State Planning Organization (DPT) (2013), “Ġllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik GeliĢmiĢlik Sıralaması AraĢtırması”, Bölgesel Gelişme ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
SZAJNOWSKA-WYSOCKA, A. (2009), “.Theories of Regional and Local Development – Abridged Review”, Bulletin of Geography Socioeconomic Series, No. 12, pp. 75-90.
TOKTAS, Y., SEVINC H., and BOZKURT, E. (2013), “The Evolution of Regional Development Agencies: Turkey Case”, Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, Vol. 15 (2), pp.670-681.
TOSUN, M. S. and YILMAZ, S. (2010), “Decentralization, Economic Development, and Growth in Turkish Provinces”, Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, Vol. 46, No. 4 (July-August), pp. 71-91.
TUOMI, K. (2012), “Best Practice in Attracting Investment”, Review of Investment Incentives, International Growth Center, Ref. No. F-41003-ZMB-1.
World Bank (2018), “Regional Private Sector Development Strategies”, http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralization/topic6.htm (access on Dec 08th, 2018).
WREN, C. (2005), “Regional Grants: Are They Worth It?”, Fiscal Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2 (June), pp. 245-275.
YAVAN, N. (2011), “TeĢviklerin Bölgesel Ekonomik Buyume Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Vol. 22 (81), pp. 65-104.
YAVAN, N. (2012), “Türkiye‟de Yatırım TeĢviklerinin Bölgesel Belirleyicileri: Mekânsal ve Ġstatistiksel Bir Analiz”, Cografi Bilimler Dergisi, Vol.10 (1), pp. 09-37
YESILADA, B. A. (2002), “Turkey's Candidacy for EU Membership”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Winter), pp. 94-111. Law No. 4274 the Village Schools and Institutions Organization Law Law No. 5449 Law on the Establishment and Duties of Development Agencies.