Alparslan YILDIRIM, Abdullah İNCİ, Gözde DEMİRPOLAT ŞAHİNGÖZ, Önder DÜZLÜ

Apicomplexan Protozoonlarda Apicoplast

Apicomplexa subphylumunda bulunan protistan türleri fotosentetik olmayan apicoplast adı verilen ikincil bir plastide sahiptirler. Apicoplast; Plasmodium, Eimeria, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Theileria ve Babesia gibi bazı apicomplexan protozoonlarda bulunan buna karşılık Cryptosporidium spp ve Gregarina niphandrodes’de bulunmayan bir plastiddir. Apicoplastın sekonder endosimbiyoz ile bir algden (kırmızı ya da yeşil alg) evrimleştiğine inanılmaktadır. Apicoplast, endomembran sisteminin en dış bölümü içinde dört membran tarafından çevrelenmiştir. Apicomplexan parazitlerinin büyümesi ve replikasyonu için gerekli son derece özelleşmiş bir organel olan apicoplastın bakterilerde varolan yağ asidi sentezi, hem pathwayi ve isoprenoid biyosentezine sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu organelin yıkımlanması bu parazitlerde ölüme yol açmaktadır. Bu durum, ilaç endüstrisinin protozoonlara karşı ilaç geliştirme çalışmalarında odak noktasını oluşturmuştur. Bu yüzden ilaç endüstrisi araştırmalarını bu organele ait gen bölgeleri üzerine yoğunlaştırmıştır. Bununla birlikte apicoplastın işlevleri hakkındaki bilgiler henüz yeterli olmayıp bu konuda çeşitli hipotezler mevcuttur. Bu derlemede apicoplasta dikkat çekilmesi ve bazı fonksiyonları hakkında üretilen bilgilerin paylaşılması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Apicomplexan, apicoplast, evrim, housekeeping fonksiyon, plastid

Apicoplast in Apicomplexan Protozoon

Protistan species belonging to the subphylum apicomplexa have a non-photosynthetic secondary plastid structure also called apicoplast. This organel is found in most parasitic genera of apicomplexan protozoans like Plasmodium, Eimeria, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Theileria and Babesia spp., but not in the ohers such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Gregarina niphandrodes. It is believed that the apicoplast is originated from an alga (red or green alga) through secondary endosymbiosis. The apicoplast is surrounded by fourfold membrane within the outer most part of the endomembrane system. The apicoplast which is a highly specialized organelle that mediates required functions in the growth and replication of apicomplexan parasites contains an ensemble of bacteria-like pathways to replicate and express its genome plus an anabolic capacity generating fatty acids, heme and isoprenoid precursors. Destroying this organel usually results in parasite death, thus making apicoplast metabolism an attractive target for drugs. However, the data about the functions of the apicoplast are limited and there are some hyppotehesis about this subject. In this review, it was aimed to point out the apicoplast and to s hare the data about some functions of this organel.

Keywords:

Apicomplexan, apicoplast, evolution, housekeeping functions, plastid,

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