Türkiye'deki Kadın Üniversite Yöneticilerinin Stres ve Kaygı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi *

Bu araştırmada Türkiye'deki kadın üniversite yöneticilerinin iş ortamında yaşadıkları stres ve kaygının çeşitli yönlerden incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla kadın üniversite yöneticilerinin stres ve kaygı düzeyleri betimlenmiş, bu düzeylerin yöneticilik görevi, akademik unvan, medeni durum ve yaşa göre farklılaşma durumu sınanmıştır. Ayrıca katılımcıların stres ve kaygı düzeyleri arasında ilişki olup olmadığı test edilmiştir. Türkiye'deki üniversitelerde çalışan 177 kadın akademisyenin katıldığı araştırmanın bulguları, kadın üniversite yöneticilerinin yaşadıkları iş stresinin orta, kaygının ise düşük düzeyde olduğunu göstermektedir. Üst düzey yönetim görevlerinde bulunmayan, akademik unvanı düşük olan ve genç kadın yöneticiler daha çok stres yaşarken, üst düzey yönetim görevlerinde bulunmayan ve evli olmayan genç kadın yöneticiler daha fazla kaygı duymaktadır. Kadın üniversite yöneticilerinin stres ve kaygı düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir.

The Examination of Stress and Anxiety Levels of the Female University Administrators in Turkey *

This research aimed to examine the stress and anxiety levels of female administrators working in Turkish universities across various aspects. For this purpose, stress and anxiety levels were calculated, variation across administrative position, academic title, marital status, and age were analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship between stress and anxiety levels was tested. Findings derived from 177 administrators indicate that female administrators' stress levels were moderate whereas anxiety levels were low. Non-married and young participants with low managerial positions reported higher anxiety levels whereas participants with low managerial positions, academic titles, and younger ages reported higher stress levels. Moreover, stress and anxiety levels were found to be positively correlated.

___

  • Abouserie, R. (1996). Stress, Coping Strategies and Job Satisfaction in University Academic Staff. Educational Psychology: An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 16(1), 49-56.
  • Akkaş, M. (2001). "A Qualitative Assessment of the Career Experiences of Female Principals at the State Elementary Schools in Çankaya District." Unpublished master's dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Alisinanoğlu, F. ve Ulutaş, İ. (2000). Çocuklarda Kaygı ve Bunu Etkileyen Etmenler. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 145, 15-19.
  • APA (2012). "Anxiety." http://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/index.aspx [Online] Retrieved on 18-May-2012, at URL:
  • Aydın, İ. (1993). "Eğitim Yönetiminde Stres Kaynakları." Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Aydın, İ. (2008). İş Yaşamında Stres. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Balcı, A. (2000). Öğretim Elemanının İş Stresi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S. (2002). Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(4), 603-618.
  • Başaran, İ. E. (1992). Yönetimde İnsan İlişkileri. Ankara: Gül Yayınevi.
  • Berends, M. (2006). Survey Methods in Educational Research. In J. L. Green, G. Camilli & P. B. Elmore (Eds), Complementary Methods in Education Research (pp. 623-640). USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Boydak, M. & Akpınar, B. (2002). Okul Yönetiminde Kadın Yöneticilerin Başarısı. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12, 219-234.
  • Broadbridge, A. (2000). Stress and the Female Retail Manager. Women in Management Review, 15(3), 145-159.
  • Brown, M. & Ralph, S. (1996). Barriers to women managers' advancement in education in Uganda. International Journal of Educational Management, 10(6), 18-23.
  • Chandler, J., Barry, J., & Clark, H. (2002). Stressing academe: The wear and tear of the New Public Management. Human Relations, 55(9), 1051-1069.
  • Cloud, R. C. (1991). Thoughts on stress and collage administration. Community Collage Review, 19(1), 24-29.
  • Crampton, S. M., Hodge, J. W., Mishra, J. M., & Price, S. (1995). Stress and Stress Management. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 60(3), 10-18.
  • Çelikten, M. (2005). A perspective on women principals in Turkey. International Journal of Leadership in Education: Theory and Practice, 8(3), 207-221.
  • Dietz, L. D. (1997). "Women in Higher Education Administration: A Cultural Approach." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Tennessee, USA.
  • Doby, V. J. & Caplan, R. D. (1995). Organizational Stress as Threat to Reputation: Effects on Anxiety at Work and at Home. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(4), 1105-1123.
  • Doyle, C. & Hind, P. (1998). Occupational Stress, Burnout and Job Status in Female Academics. Gender, Work and Organization, 5(2), 67-82.
  • Fiske, S. T. & Morling, B. (1996). Controlling self and others: A theory of anxiety, mental control and social control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(2), 115-124.
  • Gaurdry, E. & Spielberger, C. D. (1971). Anxiety and educational achievement. New York: Wiley.
  • Gerdes, E. P. (2003). The Price of Success: Senior Academic Women's Stress and Life Choices. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 13. Retrieved on 20-May-2012, at URL: http://www.advancingwomen.com/awl/spring2003/GERDES~1.HTML
  • Gillespie, N. A., Walsh, M., Winefield, A. H., Dua, J., & Stough, C. (2001). Occupational stress in universities: Staff perceptions of the causes, consequences and moderators of stress. Work & Stress, 15(1), 53-72.
  • Gmelch, W. H. & Burns, J. S. (1993). The Cost of Academic Leadership. Department Chair Stress. Innovative Higher Education, 17(4), 259-270.
  • Gmelch, W. H. & Burns, J. S. (1996). Sources of Stress for Academic Department Chairpersons. Journal of Educational Administration, 32(1), 79-94.
  • Gmelch, W. H., Lovrich, L. P., & Wilke, P. K. (1984). Sources of Stress in Academe: A National Perspective. Research in Higher Education, 20(4), 477-490.
  • Gmelch, W. H., Wilke, P. K., & Lovrich, L. P. (1986). Dimensions of Stress among University Faculty: Factor-Analytic Results from a National Study. Research in Higher Education, 24(3), 266-286.
  • Hart, J. L. & Cress, C. M. (2008). Are Women Faculty Just "Worrywarts?" Accounting for Gender Differences in Self-Reported Stress. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 17(1-2), 175-193.
  • Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Cooping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
  • O'Brein, S. P. & Janssen, K. N. (2005). Internships for women in higher education administration: Springboards for success? Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 24(4), 353- 359.
  • Öktem, Ö. (1981). Anksiyetenin Öğrenme ve Hafızaya Etkisi. İstanbul: Güryay Matbaası.
  • Öner, N. & Le Compte, A. (1985). Durumluluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Örücü, E., Kılıç, R. ve Kılıç, T. (2007). Cam Tavan Sendromu ve Kadınların Üst Düzey Yönetici Pozisyonuna Yükselmelerindeki Engeller: Balıkesir İli Örneği. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 4(2), 117-135.
  • Özer, M. (2011). Türkiye'de Yükseköğretimde Büyüme ve Öğretim Üyesi Arzı. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 1(1), 23-26.
  • Özgüven, İ. E. (1994). Psikolojik Testler. Ankara: Yeni Doğuş Matbaası.
  • Palmer, M. ve Hayman, B. (1993). Yönetimde Kadınlar. (Çev: V. Üner). İstanbul: Rota Yayınları.
  • Perlberg, A. & Keinan, G. (1986). Sources of stress in academe - the Israeli case. Higher Education, 15, 73-88.
  • Rok, M. (2011). Stress and Stress Management in a Higher Education Tourism Institution. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 17(2), 279-290.
  • Selye, H. (1950). Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome. The British Medical Journal, 1(4667), 1383-1392.
  • Selye, H. (1965). The Stress Syndrome. The American Journal of Nursing, 65(3), 97-99.
  • Selye, H. (1973). The Evolution of the Stress Concept: The originator of the concept traces its development from the discovery in 1936 of the alarm reaction to modern therapeutic applications of syntoxic and catatoxic hormones. American Scientist, 61(6), 692-699.
  • Shields, S. A. (2000). Thinking about gender, thinking about theory: Gender and emotional experience. In A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives (pp. 3-23). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sliskovic, A. & Sersic, D. M. (2011). Work stress among university teachers: Gender and position differences. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 62, 299-307.
  • Smith, C. A. & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and Adaptation. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (pp. 609-637). New York: Guilford.
  • Smith, E., Anderson, J. L., & Lovrich, N. P. (1995). The Multiple Sources of Workplace Stress among Land-Grant University Faculty. Research in Higher Education, 36(3), 261-282.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. California: Palo Alto, Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1972). Conceptual and methodological issues. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety: current trends in theory and research. New York: Academic Press.
  • Thorsen, E. J. (1996). Stress in academe: What bothers professors? Higher Education, 31, 471-489.
  • Turan, S. ve Ebiçlioğlu, N. (2002). Okul Müdürlerinin Liderlik Özelliklerinin Cinsiyet Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 31, 444-458.
  • Tytherleigh, M. Y., Webb, C., Cooper, C. L., & Ricketts, C. (2005). Occupational stress in UK higher education institutions: A comparative study of all staff categories. Higher Education Research & Development, 24(1), 41-61.
  • Weber, M. B., Feldman, J. R., & Poling, E. C. (1981). Why Women are Underrepresented in Educational Administration. Educational Leadership, 38(4), 320-322.
  • Winefield, A. H. & Jarrett, R. (2001). Occupational Stress in University Staff. International Journal of Stress Management, 8(4), 285-298.
  • Zhang, L. (2010). A Study on the Measurement of Job-Related Stress among Women Academics in Research Universities of China. Frontiers of Education in China, 5(2), 158-176.
  • Zuckerman, M. (1976). General and situation-specific traits and states: New approaches to assessment of anxiety and other constructs. In M. Zuckerman and C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Emotion and anxiety: New concepts, methods and applications (pp. 133-174). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.