Fatma YILDIRIM, Hatice DEMİRBAŞ, Yıldırım Beyatlı DOĞAN, İnci Özgür İLHAN

Düzenli Alkol Kullanımı Olan Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Madde Kullanımı İle İlişkili Psikolojik Faktörler

Bu çalışmada düzenli alkol kullanımı olan üniversiteöğrencilerinde madde kullanımı ile ilişkili psikolojik faktörleriaraştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Kolay örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen1720 öğrenci arasından, son bir yılda ayda en az bir kez alkolkullananlar “düzenli içici” olarak seçilmiştir (n=586). SosyotropiOtonomi Ölçeği, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği, Strese Yatkınlık Ölçeğive Kontrol Odağı Ölçeği veri toplamak amacıyla uygulanmıştır.Düşük ve yüksek gelirli aileye sahip öğrenciler arasındapsikolojik faktörler ve yasa dışı madde kullanımı arasındaki ilişkilojistik regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Yüksek ve düşük gelirgruplarında, yaşam boyu en az bir kez madde kullanımı ve çeşitlipsikolojik faktörlerle ilişkisi ayrı ayrı araştırılmıştır. Düzenli alkolkullanımı olan düşük gelire sahip öğrencilerde, düşük seviyedeStrese Yatkınlık ve düşük Sosyotropi Ölçeği puanları, yüksekmadde kullanma riski ile anlamlı derecede ilişkili bulunmuştur.Bu çalışmanın sonucuna göre, olumsuz sosyoekonomik şartlaraltında; düşük düzeydeki sosyotropi ve motivasyon eksikliği,madde kullanımı için yüksek riske yol açtığını göstermektedir.

Psychological Factors Related with Substance Use Among Regularly Drinking University Students with Low Income

In this study it was aimed to investigate the psychological factors related with regularly drinking university students’ substance use in a social perspective. Among 1720 students selected with convenience sampling who consumed alcohol with a frequency of at least once a month during the past year were selected as “regular drinkers” (n=586). The Sociotropy and Autonomy Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Stress Audit Scale, and the Locus of Control Scale were administrated for data collection. Then, the relationship between ever use of an illicit substance and the aforementioned psychological factors was investigated in high- and low-income groups separately. A low level of Vulnerability to Stress and scoring lower in the Sociotropy Scale were found to be significantly related with a higher risk of substance use among low-income regularly drinking students. In the context of disadvantegous socioeconomic conditions, a low level of sociotropy and a low level of motivation indicate lack of attachment to the society, thus leading to a higher risk for substance use.

PDF

___

Adewuya, A. O., Ola, B. A. ve Aloba, O. O. (2006). Gender differences in the relationship between alcohol use and anxiety symptoms among Nigerian college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85, 255-257.
Barrett, S. P., Darredeau, C. ve Pihl, R. O. (2006). Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in drug using university students. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 21, 255-263.
Batıgun, A. D. ve Sahin, N. H. (2006). Two scales for job stress and psychological health investigation: type-A personality and job satisfaction. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17, 32-45.
Bearinger, L. H. ve Blum, R. W. (1997). The utility of locus of control for predicting adolescent substance use. Research in Nursing & Health, 20, 229-245.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Harrison, R. P. ve Emery, J. (1983). Development of the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale: a measure of personality factors in psychopathology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lesker, D. ve Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 861-865.
Bernstein, K. T., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Tracy, M. ve Vlahov, D. (2007). The built environment and alcohol consumption in urban neighborhoods. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 91, 244-252.
Bieling, P. J., Beck, A. T. ve Brown, G. K. (2000). The Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale: structure and implications. Cognitive nad Therarapy Research, 24, 763-870.
Bogenschneider, K. (1994). Risk factors for alcohol and drug use/abuse prevention (Wisconsin Youth Futures Teknik Rapor No. 10). University of Wisconsin.
Bosma, H., van de Mheen, H. D. ve Mackenbach, J. P. (1999). Social class in childhood and general health in adulthood: questionnaire study of contribution of psychological attributes. British Medical Journal, 18, 18-22.
Boys, A. ve Marsden, J. (2003). Perceived functions predict intensity of use and problems in young polysubstance users. Addiction, 98, 951-963.
Case, S. (2007). Indicators of adolescent alcohol use: a composite risk factor approach. Substance Use and Misuse, 42, 89-111.
Chassin, L., Pitts, S. C. ve DeLucia, C. (1999). The relation of adolescent substance use to young adult autonomy, positive activity involvement, and perceived competence. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 915-932.
Dağ, I. (2002). Locus of Control Scale: scale development, reliability and validity study. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17, 77-90.
Durak, A. (1994). Validity and reliability study of the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9, 1-11.
Friedman, A. S. ve Glassman, B. A. (2000). Family risk factors versus peer risk factors for drug abuse, a longitudinal study of an African American urban community. Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment, 18, 267-75.
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Tracy, M. ve Vlahov, D. (2007). Neighborhood income and income distribution and the use of cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, 195- 202.
Grant, J. D., Scherrer, J. F., Lynskey, M. T., Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S. A., Tsuang, M. T., … True, W.R. (2005). Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence: evidence from a twin design. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1-10.
Grouzet, F. M. E., Vallerand, R. J., Thill, E. E. ve Provencher, P. J. (2004). From environmental factors to outcomes: a test of an integrated motivational sequence. Motivation and Emotion, 8, 331-346.
Guthrie, B. J. ve Low, L. K. (2000). A substance use prevention framework: considering the social context for African American girls. Public Health and Nursing, 17, 363-373.
İlhan, İ. O., Demirbaş, H. ve Doğan, Y. B. (2007). Psychosocial factors in alcohol use-related problems of working youth. Substance Use and Misuse, 42, 1537-1544.
İlhan, İ. O., Yıldırım, F., Demirbaş, H. ve Doğan, Y. B. (2008a). Alcohol use prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of alcohol use in a university student sample in Turkey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 575-583.
İlhan, İ. O., Yıldırım, F., Demirbaş, H. ve Doğan, Y. B. (2008b). Correlates of substance use among regularly drinking university students in Turkey. German Journal of Psychiatry, 11, 34-39.
İlhan, İ. O., Yıldırım, F., Demirbaş, H. ve Doğan, Y. B. (2009). Substance use prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of substance use in a university student sample in Turkey. International Journal of Public Health, 54, 40-44.
Koestner, R. ve Losier, G. (1996). Distinguishing reactive versus reflective autonomy. Journal of Personality, 64, 465-494.
Lecci, L., MacLean, M. G. ve Croteau, N. (2002). Personal goals as predictors of college student drinking motives, alcohol use and related problems. Journal of Study on Alcohol, 63, 620-630.
Luthar, S. S. ve D’Avanzo, K. (1999). Contextual factors in substance use: a study of suburban and inner-city adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 845-867.
Miller, L. H., Smith, A. D. ve Mahler, B. L. (1988). The stress audit manual. Brookline.
Nandi, A., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Bucciarelli, A., Vlahov, D. ve Tardiff, K. (2006). What explains the association between neighborhood-level income inequality and the risk of fatal overdose in New York City?. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 662-674.
Neighbors, C., Larimer, M. E., Geisner, I. M. ve Knee, C. R. (2004). Feeling controlled and drinking motives among college students: contingent self-esteem as a mediator. Self and Identity, 3, 207-224.
Newcomb, M. D. ve Harlow, L. L. (1986). Life events and substance use among adolescents: mediating effects of perceived loss of control meaninglessness in life. Journal of Personality and Soial Psychology, 51, 564-577.
Park, C. L. ve Levenson, M. R. (2002). Drinking to cope among college students: prevalence, problems and coping processes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 486-947.
Pedersen, W. ve Skrondal, A. (1999). Ecstasy and new patterns of drug use: a normal populationstudy. Addiction, 94, 1695-1706.
Peters, R. J., Tortolero, S. R., Johnson, R. J., Addy, R. C., Markham, C. M., Escobar Chaves, S. L., … Lewis, H. (2005). The relationship between future orientation and street substance use among Texas alternative school students. American Journal of Addiction, 14, 478-485.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28.
Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? Journal of Personality, 74, 1557-1585.
Sahin, N., Ulusoy, M. ve Sahin, N. (1993). Exploring the sociotropy-autonomy dimensions in a sample of Turkish psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 751-763.
Sato, T. ve McCann, D. (2007). Sociotropy-autonomy and interpersonal problems. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 153-163.
Sato, T. (2003). Sociotropy and autonomy: the nature of vulnerability. Journal of Psychology, 137, 447-66.
Simons, J., Vansteenkist, M., Lens, W. ve Lacante, M. (2004). Placing motivation and future time perspective theory in a temporal perspective. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 121-139.
Shih, J. (2006). Sex differences in stress generation: an examination of sociotropy/autonomy, stress, and depressive symptoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 434-446.
Swadi, H. (1999). Individual risk factors for adolescent substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 55, 209-224.
Tarter, R., Vanyukov, M., Giancola, P., Dawes, M., Balckson, T., Mezzich, A. ve Clark, D.B. (1999). Etiology of early age onset substance use disorder: a maturational perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 657-683.
Wardle, J. ve Steptoe, A. (2003).Socioeconomic differences in attitudes and beliefs about healthy lifestyles. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 440-443.
Zapert, K., Snow, D. L. ve Tebes, J. K. (2002). Patterns of substance use in early through late adolescence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 835-852.