MODERN SOSYOLOJİDE İŞLEVSELCİLİK - EYLEMCİLİK TEORİLERİ İKİLİĞİNİ AŞMA ÇABALARI

Toplumu oluşturan her unsurun özel bir işlevinin olduğunu ve bunların karşılıklı olarak birbirlerini etkilediğini kabul eden “işlevselcilik” ile insanın eylemde bulunan bir edimci olduğu görüşüyle bireye etkin bir rol yükleyen “eylemcilik teorileri” arasındaki ikilik, daha doğrusu “karşıtlık” çağdaş sosyolojide ciddi bir sorun olarak görülmektedir. Sosyolojik teorilerin, “işlevselcilik” ve “eylemselcilik” olarak iki temel paradigmaya ayrılması yapı-aktör, nesnelcilik-öznelcilik, yöntemsel bütüncülük-yöntemsel bireycilik karşıtlıklarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Eylem teorisi, işlevselcilik, akılcı seçim teorisi

THE EFFORTS OF OVERCOMING THE DICATHOMY BETWEN FUNCTIONALIST AND ACTION THEORIES IN MODERN SOCIOLOGY

In contemporary sociology, the “dualism” or, in other words “a contrast” is regarded a serious issue between “functionalism” which views that every element forming the society has a specific function and each of them has a mutual function on one another, and “action theory” which gives an active role to individual. Sociological theories which are divided as “functionalism” and “action theory” have brought about other dualities such as “structure” vs. “actor”, “subjectivism” vs. “objectivism, “methodological holism” vs. “methodological individualism”. In modern sociology, research on overcoming the dichotomy of classical sociology in new theoretical approaches stand out in contemporary sociology. For this reason, in this article I will analyze Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002), Jürgen Habermas (1929-) and Anthony Giddens (1938-) with their new approaches which aim to overcome the duality between functionalism and action theory and consequently James S. Coleman’s “rational choice theory”. Furthermore I will discuss the assumptions of modern sociologists that the fundamental paradigms of the classical sociology is not enough for analysing the complex structure of modern society and hence the social process on “micro-macro” levels must be refocused on the modern concepts and theories of actor vs. structure.

Keywords:

Social action theory, functionalism, rational action theory,

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