NİCHİREN’İN HAYATI VE TEMEL ÖĞRETİLERİ

Nichiren 1222-1282 yılları arasında Japonya'da yaşamıştır. O, eğitimini tamamladıktansonra 1253 yılında öğretisini ilan etmiş ve yeni bir ekol kurmuştur. NichirenJapon halk inanışları ile Budist öğretileri bir potada eritmeye çalışan, gelenekçi ve milliyetçieğilimleri olan biridir. Yaşadığı Kamakura döneminde, yanlış dini öğretilerinyayıldığını ve takip edilen ekollerin sapkınlığı artırdığını ileri sürmüş, dinî ve siyasierkleri sert bir şekilde eleştirirken cüretkâr önerilerde bulunmuş, bu yüzden siyasi otoritetarafından birkaç defa cezalandırılmıştır. Ancak o, bazı tahmin ve öngörülerindehaklı çıkınca, fikirleri Japon halkı arasında taraftar bulmuştur. Nichiren'in öğretilerinintemel dayanağı Hokekyo'dur. Ona göre bu kitap, Sakyamuni Buda'nın vaaz ettiğikutsal Dharma kanunlarının özünü ve gizemli yanlarını içermektedir. Bu gizem veöz esas itibariyle Nichiren'in Hokekyo'ya dayalı temel öğretileriyle yeniden anlaşılırhale gelmiş, böylece anlık aydınlanma, toplumsal kurtuluş ve ahlaki erdemler gerçekdeğerini bulmuştur.

Nichiren’s Life And His Basic Teachings

Nichiren lived in Japan between 1222 and 1282. After completing his education,in 1253 he proclaimed his doctrine and established new school. Nichiren, as per—son with the traditional and nationalist tendencies, tried to melt Japanese folk beliefsand Buddhist teachings in pot. He argued that in Kamakura period during which helived the false religious teachings spread out and schools increased the heresy of theiradherents, and thus harshly criticized the religious and political authorities and alsomade audacious recommendations and, therefore, was punished several times by thepolitical authority. However, when it came out that he was right in some estimates andforesights of his, his ideas found followers among the Japanese people. The funda—mental basis of the teachings of Nichiren was Hokekyo. According to him, this bookincludes the essence and mysterious aspects of sacred rules of Dharma preached bySakyamuni Buddha. On the basis of fundamental teachings of Nichiren’s Hokekyo,this mystery and essence was re-understood, and thus the instant enlightenment, socialsalvation and moral virtues found their real values.

PDF

___

Anesakı, Masaharu, Nichiren The Buddhist Prophet, Cambridge 1916.
.......................... ,,History of Japanese Religion, London 1930.
........................... ,“Nichiren”, An Encyclopedia of Religion, Edited by
Vergilius Ferm, New Jersey 1959.
........................... ,Religious Life of The Japanese People, Revised by Hideo Kishimote, Tokyo 1961.
Arai, issatsu, Outlines of Doctrine of The ichiren Sect, Edited by The Central Office of The Nichiren Sect, Tokyo 1893.
Christensen, Jack Arden, Nichiren Leader of Buddhist Reformation in Japan, Ca— lifornia 2001.
Cobbold, George A., Religion in Japan Shintoism—Buddhism-Christianity, London 1894.
Deal, William E., “Nichiren ’s Rissho Ankoku Ron and Canon Formation”, apa— nese Journal of Religious Studies, Guest Editors, Ruben L. F. Habito— Jacqueline I. Stone, Nagoya/Japan 1999, C. XXVI.
Dickson, Walter, Japan, With Two Suplemantary Chapters of Recent Events by Mayo W. Hazeltine, New York 1898.
Dolce, Lucia D., “Criticism and Appropriation Nichiren ’s Attitude Toward Esotric Buddhism”, Guest Editors, Ruben L. F. Habito- Jacqueline I. Stone, Nagoya/ Japan 1999, C. XXVI.
....................... “Between Duration and Eternity: Hermeneutics of The “Ancient Buda’ of Lotus Sutra in Chih-i and Nichiren ”, Buddhist Kaleidoskope: Essays on The Lotus Sutra, Edited by Gene Reeves, With Foreword by Nichiko Niwano, Tokyo 2002.
....................... “Nichiren’s Attitude Toward Esotric Buddhism”, Japanese Journa Religious Studies, Guest Editors, Ruben L. F. Habito— Jacqueline I. Stone, Nagoya/Japan 1999, C. XXVI.
Finnemore, John, Peeps At History of Japan, Illustration and Drawings by Wa— kana Utagawa, London 1911.
Fumihiko, Sueki, “Nichiren ’s Problematic Works”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Guest Editors, Ruben L. F. Habito- Jacqueline 1. Stone, Nagoya/Japan 1999, C. XXVI.
Griffis, William Eliot, The Religions of Japan From the Dawn of History to the Era of Meiji, New York 1895.
Habito, Ruben L.F. Stone, Jacqueline I., STONE “Revisiting Nichiren”, Japa— nese Journal of Religious Studies, Guest Editors, Ruben L. F. Habito- Jacqueline 1. Stone, Nagoya/Japan 1999, C. XXVI.
........................... “Bodily Reading of The Lotus Sutra: Understanding Nichiren’s Buddhism”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Guest Editors, Ruben L. F. Habito- Jacqueline 1. Stone, Nagoya/Japan 1999, C. XXVI.
.............................. ,“Buda-body Theory and The Lotus Sutra: Implications for Praxis”, Budhist Kaleidoscope Essays on The Lotus Sutra, Edited by Gene Reeves, With Foreword by ichiko Niwano, Tokyo 2002.
Hara, Katsuro, An Introduction to The History of Japan, New York and London 1920.
Hildreth, Richart, Japan and The Japanese, Boston 1860.
Hori, Kyotsu, Shingyo Hikkei, Editing Group by Nichiren Order, Tokyo 1986.
Ikeda, Daisaku, Unlocking The Mysteries of Birth and Death, Santa Monica 2003.
Kasahara, Kazou, History of Japanese Religion, Transleted by Paul Mc Carty Gaynor Sekimori, Tokyo 2001.
Kato, Asadori, Story About Saint Nichiren, Translated by Shunjusha Commit— tee, Tokyo 1982.
Kubota, Tetsujo, The Tradition of Nichiren Doctrine, Translated by Hamilton Graham Lamont, Tokyo 1999.
Kuroda, Shinto, Outlines of The Mahayana as Taught by Buddha, Tokyo 1893.
Lioyd, Arthur, Developments of Japanese Buddhism, Toronto 1894.
Morgan, Peggy, “Ethics and The Lotus Sutra”, Buddhist Kaleidoscope Essays on The Lotus Sutra, Edited by Gene Reeves, With Foreword by Nichiko Niwano, Tokyo 2002.
Murano, Senchu, “Nichirenshu”, Encyclopedia of Religion, Edited by Mircea Eliade, New York 1987, C. X.
......................... The Lotus Sutra, Revised by Daniel B. Montgomery, Tokyo 1991.
.......................... Two Nichiren Texts, Published by Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, California 2003.
Naguchi, Yone, Kamakura, Yokohama-Japan 1910.
Nizuno, Kogen, Basic Buddhist Consept, Transleted by Charles S. Terry Richard L. Gage, Tokyo 1987.
Petzold, Bruno, Buddhist Prophet Nichiren: Lotus in The Sun, Tokyo 1978.
Reischaur, August Karl, Studies in Japanese Buddhism, Toronto 1917.
Saito, Hisho, History of Japan, Translated by Elizabeth Lee, London 1912.
Stone, acquelıne I., “Biographical Studies ofNichiren”, Japanese Journal of Re— ligious Studies, Guest Editors, Ruben L. F. Habito- Jacqueline I. Stone, agoya/ Japan 1999, C. XXVI.
Suguro, Shinjo, Introduction to The Lotus Sutra, Transleted by Nichiren Buddhist International Center, Revised by Daniel B. Montgomery, California 1998.
Tamura, Yoshiro, Japanese Buddhism Cultural History, Transleted by Jeffrey Hunter, Tokyo 2000.
Uenaka, Chokusai, The Pictorial Life of Saint Nichiren, Published by Nichiren Shu Asia Buddhist Friendship Association, Tokyo 1986.
Watanabe, Hoyo “Nichiren”, The Encyclopedia of Religion Edited by Mircea Eliade, New York 1987, C. X.
......................... “Miyazawa Kenji: Poet of The Lotus Sutra”, Osaki Gaku— ho, Edited by Rissho Universty Institution of Buddhism, Tokyo 1989.
......................... “Nichiren ’s Thought Appearing in the Risso Ankoku Ron and Its Acceptance in The Modern Age”, Proceeding of the Thirty-First Inter— national Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, Tokyo-Kyoto 1983.
......................... “Issues in Nichiren ’s Early Proselytzzation”, Japanese As— socation For Religious Studies, Tokyo 1986, C. LX-1.
............................ “Background ofthe Formation ofNichiren’s Theory of Daimoku- Juji ”, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, Tokyo 2007, C. LV.