Differentiating Between Free Adjuncts and (Non-)Free Relatives in Turkish

Türkçede zamanlı serbest ilgi yapılarına oldukça benzeyen ama tamamen aynı olmayan serbest eklenti yapıları vardır. Bu yapıların adlaştırılmamış ve koşul eki taşıyan zamanlı eylemlerinin yanı sıra emir/istek kipinde çekimlenmiş yinelenen yüklemleri vardır. Serbest eklentilerde yinelenen yüklem bulunmasının nedeni isteme kipi ekini (Türkçedeki haliyle emir ya da istek kipi) taşımaktır, çünkü koşul eki almış bir eylem başka kip eki alamaz, ayrıca bu yineleme diller arası eklenti yapılarında soru adıllarından farklı biçimlerde olan ilgi adıllarıyla kurulan serbest eklentilerde olduğu gibi odak imi görevi de görür. Bu özellik ne-soru iminin yalnızca soru işlevi gören bir im olmadığını, hem soru hem de ilgi adılı işlevleri taşıdığını gösterir.

Turkish has a free adjunct construction, which is quite similar, but not identical, to the tensed Free Relative construction: in addition to having a nonnominalized, tensed verb marked with the conditional (as in tensed FRs), it has a duplicated form of the predicate in the imperative/optative. I suggest that the obligatory presence of the duplicated verb in free adjuncts is needed as a carrier for subjunctive-like morphology (in Turkish, imperative or optative), given that a conditional verb cannot carry an additional mood marker, and that this duplication also serves the function of a focus marker, found cross-linguistically in free adjuncts which have relative pronouns of a different shape than interrogative pronouns. This characterization is offered in conjunction with the further claim that in Turkish, the wh-interrogative marker is not a dedicated marker with only this purpose, but represents a more general class that can supply both interrogative and relative pronouns.

___

Caponigro, I. (2003). Free not to ask: On the semantics of free relatives and wh-words crosslinguistically. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, UCLA.

Citko, B. (1999). Light-Headed Relatives. In J. Alexander, N. R. Han & M. M. Fox (eds.), Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Penn Linguistics Colloquium; University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 6:1. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

Dobrushina, N. (2008). Imperatives in Conditional and Concessive Subordinate Clauses. In E. Vajda (ed.), Subordination and Coordination Strategies in North Asian Languages. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Grosu, A. (2003). A unified theory of standard and transparent free relatives. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 21, 247331.

Iatridou, S. (2013). Looking for free relatives in Turkish (and the unexpected places this leads to). In U. Özge (ed.), Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Altaic Formal Linguistics. Cambridge, MA: MITWPL; 129-152.

Izvorski, R. (2000). "Free Adjunct Free Relatives"; in WCCFL 19 Proceedings; Billerey and Lillehaugen (eds.); Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press; 232-245.

Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. London and New York: Routledge.

Kornfilt (2005). Free Relatives as light-headed relatives in Turkish. In C. Broekhuis, K. Huybregts, and Koster (eds.), Organizing Grammar: Linguistic Studies in honor of Henk van Riemsdijk. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter; 340-349.

Kornfilt, J. (to appear). Two types of Free Relatives in disguise; to be published in the Proceedings of ICTL 2012.

Kornfilt, J. & J. Whitman (2011). Afterword: Nominalizations in syntactic theory; Lingua, 121, 1297-1313. Riemsdijk, H. C. v. (2000

). SynCom Case 44: Free Relatives. Tilburg University ms.

Rawlins, K. (2008). (Un)Conditionals: An investigation in the syntax and semant