Uluslararası Çerçeve Anlaşmalar ve Sendikalar: Olanaklar, Sınırlar

Bu çalışmada, uluslararası sendikal hareket içerisinde son yıllarda tartışılan uluslararası çerçeve anlaşmaların genel olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Sendikaların yaşadığı krize yanıt olarak çeşitli politika önerileri tartışılırken, küresel sendika federasyonları da bu bağlamda ulusötesi şirketlere karşı sendikaların dengeleyici bir unsur olabilmeleri için uluslararası çerçeve anlaşmaları kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Bu anlaşmalar esas olarak ILO’nun belirlediği temel çalışma standartlarının, ilgili ulusötesi şirketin faaliyet yürüttüğü tüm ülkelerde uygulanmasına dayanmaktadır. Uluslararası çerçeve anlaşmalarda sermayenin ve sendikaların oynadığı rol, hukuksal dayanağın ve yaptırım gücünün olmaması, kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk kavramı ile olan yakınlık, Avrupa merkezli ulusötesi şirketleri kapsaması gibi yönleri itibariyle eleştirilmektedir. Çalışmada temel olarak uluslararası çerçeve anlaşmaların sendikal harekete sağladığı olanaklar ve bunların sınırları tartışılmaktadır. Küresel sendika federasyonlarının deneyimleri, çerçeve anlaşmaların genel olarak ve Türkiye’de sendikal mücadeleye katkı sağlayabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Diğer taraftan, uluslararası çerçeve anlaşmaların sendikaların mücadelelerinde sadece yardımcı bir rol üstlenebileceği unutulmamalı; anlaşmaların sermaye ile emek arasındaki genel güç dengesi ve sendikaların yaşadıkları yapısal krizin temel belirleyenlerinden bağımsız değerlendirilmemesi gerekir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

uluslararası, çerçeve, anlaşma, küresel, ulusötesi, sendika

In this article, it is aimed to evaluate international framework agreements generally that is discussed among international trade unionist movement in recent years. While different policy suggestions debated as a response to crisis of trade unions, in that context global union federations have started to utilize from international framework agreements to become a counter balancing power against transnational corporations. These agreements are mainly based on implementation of ILO’s core labour standarts in all countries that relavant transnational company operates. International framework agreements are also criticized from different angles like role of capital and unions in agreements, lack of legal basis and sanction power, relevance with the concept of corporate social responsibility, coverage of mainly European centered transnational corporations. In this article, possibilities and limits of intenational framework agreements for trade unions are discussed Experiences of global union federations indicate that international framework agreements may contribute for unionist movement in general and in Turkey. On the other hand, it is important not to forget that international framework agreements can take on only a supplementary role in unionist struggles and agreements shouldn’t be evaluated independently from the balance of power between capital and labour and main determinants of the crisis that trade unions face

Keywords:

international, framework, agreement, global, transnational, trade union,

PDF

___

Anner, M. (2001) “The International Trade Union Campaign for Core Labor Standards in the WTO”, Working USA, vol. 5, issue 1, 43–63.
Berber Ağtaş, Ö. Ve Sayım, K.Z. (2012), “Implementing International Framework Agreements at the Local Level: Cases from Turkey”, 16th ILERA World Congress 2012, 2-5 Temmuz, Philadelphia, ABD.
Bourque, R. (2008) “International Framework Agreements and The Future of Collective Bargaining in Multinational Companies”, Just Labour: A Canadian Journal of Work and Society, vol. 12, 30-47.
Building and Wood Worker’s International (BWI). (2010) New BWI Model Framework Agreement http://www.bwint.org/default.asp?Index=47&Language=EN (10.07.2012)
Building and Wood Worker’s International (BWI). About BWI http://www.bwint.org/default.asp?Issue=About&Language=EN (20.06.2012)
Croucher R. Ve Cotton, E. (2009) Global Unions, Global Business: Global Union Federations and International Business London: Middlesex University Press.
Çelik, A. (2006) “Yeni Sorun Alanları, Eğilimler ve Arayışlar”, Fikret Sazak (der.) Türkiye’de Sendikal Kriz ve Sendikal Arayışlar içinde, Ankara: Epos Yayınları, 17-74.
Çelik, A. (2010) Vesayetten Siyasete Türkiye’de Sendikacılık (1946-1967), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Dale, Leon A. (1967) “International Trade Secretariats”, Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, vol. 22, no.1, 98-115.
Dunning, J.H.. Ve Sarianna, M.L. (2008) Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, 2nd Ed., London: Edward Elgar Pub.
Erdoğdu, S. (2006) Küreselleşme Sürecinde Uluslararası Sendikacılık Ankara: İmge Kitabevi
European Council. (1994) European Works Council Directive http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31994L0045:EN:HTML (04.04.2011)
European Trade Union Institute (ETUI). (2009) European Works Council Database http://www.ewcdb.org/documents/wwwewcdbeustats.pdf (04.04.2011)
Fichter, M., Helfen, M., Sydow, J. (2011) “Regulating Labor Relations in Global Production Networks: Insights on International Framework Agreements”, Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft, Issue 2, 69-86.
Gibb, E. (2005) International Framework Agreements: Increasing the Effectiveness of Core LabourStandards.http://www.globallabour.info/en/2006/12/international_framewor k_agreem.html (24.03.2011)
Gallin, D. (2008) International Framework Agreements: A Reassessment. http://www.globallabour.info/en/2008/06/international_framework_agreem_2.ht ml (24.03.2011)
Goldstein, A. (2009) Multinational Companies from Emerging Economies: Composition, Conceptualization and Direction in the Global Economy, Palgrave Macmillan.
Hammer, N. (2005) “International Framework Agreements: Global Industrial Relations Between Rights and Bargaining”, Transfer, vol. 11, no. 4-5, 511-530.
Hammer, N. (2008) “International Framework Agreements in the Context of Global Production”,Konstantinos Papadakis (der.) Cross-Border Social Dialogue and Agreements: An Emerging Global Industrial Relations Framework? içinde, Geneva: ILO Publications, 89-112.
Hopkins, M. (2007) Corporate Social Responsibility & International Development Is Business the Solution?, London: Earthscan.
Hennes & Mauritz (2010) Code of Conduct http://about.hm.com/content/dam/hm/about/documents/en/CSR/codeofcondu ct/Code%20of%20Conduct_en.pdf (05.07.2012)
International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers’ Union (ICEM). (2004) Text of the Global Framework Agreement between Lukoil and ICEM http://www.icem.org/index.php?id=100&doc=1365&la=EN (03.07.2012)
International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers’ Union (ICEM). (2011) Terms of Understanding of Good Labour Relationshttp://www.icem.org//files/PDF/Global_agreements_pdfs/1201.Petrobra s%20GFA%20Text%20English.pdf (06.07.2012)
Ietto-Gillies, G. (2005) Transnational Corporations And International Production: Concepts, Theories And Effects, UK: Edward Elgar Publications.
IndustriALL Global Union (2012) Congress ends, history of IndustriALLbegins http://www.building-power.org/congress-ends-history-industriall-begins (12.07.2012)
International Center for Trade Union Rights (ICTUR). (2003) “What is an IFA?”, International Union Rights, vol. 10, no.3, 25-26.
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). (1997) The ICFTU/ITS Basic Code of Labour Practice http://www.icftu.org/www/english/tncs/tncscode98.html (30.06.2012)
International Labour Organisation (ILO). (2006) Tripartite Declaration of of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy http://www.ilo.org/empent/Publications/WCMS_094386/lang--en/index.htm (04.07.2012)
International Labour Organisation (ILO). (2009a) Global Employment Trends: January 2009 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/p ublication/wcms_101461.pdf (04.04.2011)
International Labour Organisation (ILO). (2009b) The ILO and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/--- multi/documents/publication/wcms_116336.pdf (04.04.2011)
International Labour Organisation (ILO). (2011) ILOLEX Database of International Labour Standards http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/newratframeE.htm (04.04.2011) International Metal Workers’ Federation (IMF). (2001) Basic Principles of Social Responsibility at
Bosch http://www.imfmetal.org/files/ifa_bosch_en.pdf (30.06.2012) International Metal Workers’ Federation (IMF). (2005) Joint Declaration on Human Rights and Working Conditions in the BMW Group http://www.imfmetal.org/files/0505101759457/bmw_ifa_english.pdf (30.06.2012)
International Metal Workers’ Federation (IMF). (2011) GFA Signed with Norsk Hydro http://www.imfmetal.org/index.cfm?c=25945&l=2 (04.04.2011)
International Organisation of Employers (IOE). (2007) International Framework Agreements An Employers’ Guide http://www.ioeemp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents_pdf/papers/guides/en glish/guide_2007 august_ifasrevi.pdf (08.04.2011)
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) About Us http://www.ituc-csi.org/aboutus.html (20.06.2012)
International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Associations (IUF). (2011a) “Sodexo-IUF” International Framework Agreement http://cms.iuf.org/sites/cms.iuf.org/files/Sodexo-IUF%20Framework%20agre.pdf (12.07.2012)
International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Associations (IUF). (2011b) “Danone/IUF Agreement on health, safety, working conditions and stress” http://cms.iuf.org/sites/cms.iuf.org/files/058%20Danone%20Agreement-e.pdf (12.07.2012)
Karluk, R. (1997) “Çok Uluslu Şirket Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Eskişehir ITIA Dergisi, c.8, no. 2, 190–213.
Kim, K.B. (2006) “Direct Employment in Multinational Enterprises: Trends and Implications” ILO Multinational Enterprises Programme, Job Creation and Enterprise Development Department, Employment MULTI Working Paper No. 101
Koç, Y. (2000) Ulusötesi Sermaye ve İşçi Hakları, Ankara: Türk-İş Eğitim Yay. No.47.
Munck, R. (2002) Globalisation and Labour: The New “Great Transformation”, London: Zed Books.
Müller, T., Platzer H.W Ve Rüb, S. (2008) “International Framework AgreementsOpportunities and Limitations of a New Tool of Global Trade Union Policy’’ Global Trade Union Programme, Briefing Papers No. 8, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Nilsson, J. (2002) “A Tool for Achieving Workers’ Rights”, Metal World, no. 4, 22-27.
Oswald, R. (2006) Global Unions, Global Companies, Global Research, Global Campaigns. http://www.globallabour.info/en/2007/09/global_unions_global_companies.html (09.04.2011)
Öz İplik İş (2010) ITGLWF ile INDITEX arasında imzalanan Çerçeve Sözleşmesine ilişkin bilgilendirme toplantısı http://www.oziplikis.org.tr/tr/data.asp?id=352 (04.07.2012)
Petrol-İş (2004) Küresel Çerçeve Sözleşmeleri, Dünya Sendikal Hareketi Dosyası 7 İstanbul: Petrol-İş Yayınları.
Pitelis, C. (Ed.) Ve Sugden, R. (Ed.) (2000) The Nature of the Transnational Firm, London: Routledge.
Scherrer, C. Ve Greven, T. (2001) Global Rules for Trade: Codes of Conduct, Socail Labeling, Workers’ Rights Clauses, Münster: Westfalisches Dampfboot.
Schetting, G. (1980) “On the definition of Transnational Corporations in a UN Code of Conduct”, Intereconomics, vol. 15, no.2, 76-80.
Schömann, I., Sobzack, A., Voss, E. ve Wilke, P. (2008) “International Framework Agreements: New Paths to Workers’ Participation in Multinational’s Governance?”, Transfer, vol. 14, no.1, 111-126.
Stevis, D. Ve Boswell, T. (2007) “International Framework Agreements Opportunities and Challenges for Global Unionism”, Bronfenbrenner K. (der.) Global Unions Challenging Transnational Capital Through Cross-Border Campaigns içinde, Ithaca ve London: Cornell University Press, 174-194.
Stevis, D. (2010) “International Framework Agreements and Global Social Dialogue: Parameters and Prospects” ILO Multinational Enterprises Programme, Job Creation and Enterprise Development Department, Employment Working Paper No. 47
Telljohann, V., Costa, I., Müller, T., Rehfeldt, U. ve Zimmer, R. (2009a) “European and International Framework Agreements: New Tools of Transnational Industrial Realtions”, Transfer, vol. 15, no. 3-4, 505-525.
Telljohann, V., Costa, I., Müller, T., Rehfeldt, U. ve Zimmer, R. (2009b) “European and International Framework Agreements: Practical Experiences and Strategic Approaches”, Office of the Official Publications of the European Communities.
Tørres, L Ve Gunnes, S. (2003) Global Framework Agreements: A New Tool for International Labour, Fafo Labour International Think Tank, http://www.fafo.no/pub/diverse.htm (24.03.2011)
UNI Global Union (UNI). (2004) Agreement between H&M and UNI on Cooperation to secure and promote fundamental worker’s rights at H&M’s workplaces worldwide http://www.uniglobalunion.org/Apps/uni.nsf/pages/gfaEn (05.07.2012)
UNI Global Union (UNI). (2006) Worldwide Agreement on Fundamental Labour Rights within the France Telecom Group http://www.uniglobalunion.org/Apps/uni.nsf/pages/gfaEn (04.07.2012)
Üstün, M. (2002) “Türkiye İşçi Hareketi Üzerine Bazı Gözlemler”, Praksis, sayı 8., 227-254.
Yücesan-Özdemir, G. (2009) Emek ve Teknoloji Türkiye’de Sendikalar ve Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri, Ankara: Tan Kitabevi Yayınları