Madde kullanım bozukluklarında genetik: bir gözden geçirme

Önceleri madde kullanım bozukluklarının (MKB) gelişiminde çevresel, gelişimsel ve sosyal şartların etkili olduğu düşünülmekteydi. Ancak genetik alanında kaydedilen gelişmelerin ardından genetik nedenlerin oynadığı rol ön plana çıkmaya başlamıştır.MKB gelişimi karmaşık bir süreçtir. Bu süreç maddeyi ilk deneme ile başlar, sürekli olarak kullanma ile devam eder ve bağımlılık gelişimi ile sonuçlanır. Genetik mekanizmaların bu sürecin farklı aşamalarına olan etkisi aydınlatılmalıdır.Alkol, sigara, esrar, kokain bağımlılıklarının ailesel geçişi olduğu bildirilmiştir. Alkol kulanım bozukluklarının (AKB)genetiği diğer MKB genetiğine oranla daha sık çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmaların sonucunda AKB ‘da genetik etkinin diğerlerine göre daha fazla olduğu bildirilmiştir.MKB gelişiminde üzerinde uzlaşı sağlanan bir genetik yerleşim henüz saptanmamıştır. Bunun bir nedeni bu hastalığın oluşumunun poligenik nedenlere bağlanmasıdır. Bu durum hastalığın çok farklı fenotipik özelliklerle karşımıza çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu farklı fenotipik özelliklerin ortaya konması genetik zeminin araştırılmasında yol göstericidir.

___

  • 1- Ögel K, Uguz Ş, Sır A, ve ark. Türkiye’de ilköğre- tim ve ortaöğretim gençliği arasında esrar kulla- nım yaygınlığı. Bağımlılık Dergisi 2003; 4: 15–19.
  • 2- Yüncü Z, Aydın C; Çoşkunol H, Altıntoprak E, Bay- ram AT. Çocuk ve ergenlere yönelik bir bağımlılık merkezinin 2 yıllık poliklinik kayıtlarının değerlen- dirilmesi Bağımlılık Dergisi 2006;7:31–37.
  • 3- Merikangas K, Kupfer D J, Mood disorders:genetic aspects in, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry Sixth Edition. Harold I.Kaplan, Benjamin J. Sadock (Eds).Volum: 1:1104–1115 Williams& Wilkins 1995 Maryland USA.
  • 4 Gilligan SB, Reich T, Cloninger CR. Etiologic hete- rogeneity in alcoholism. Genet Epidemiol. 1987; 4:395–414.
  • 5- Aston CE, Hill SY. Segregation analysis of alco- holism in families ascertained through a pair of male alcoholics. Am J Hum Genet. 1990; 46:879- 887.
  • 6- Akarsu. N. Genetik hastalılara neden olan genle- rin saptanmasında aile ağacı analizlerinin önemi. Hacettepe Tıp Dergisi 1999; 30: 1: 85–91.
  • 7- Gunzerath L, Goldman d. G X E: a NIAAA works- hop on gene-environment interactions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27:540–562.
  • 8- Rutter M. The interplay of nature,nurture, ana de- velopmental influences. The challenge ahead for mental health. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:996- 1000.
  • 9- Neiswanger K, Hill SY, Kaplan BB. Association and linkage studies of the TAQI A1 allele at the dopamine D2 receptor gene in samples of fema- le and male alcoholics. Am J Med Genet. 1995; 14;60:267–271.
  • 10- Kidd KK, Pakstis AJ, Castiglione CM, Kidd JR, Speed WC, Goldman D, Knowler WC, Lu RB, Bonne-Tamir B. DRD2 haplotypes containing the TaqI A1 allele: implications for alcoholism research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996; 20:697–705.
  • 11- Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ, Montgomery A, Ritchie T, Ozkaragoz T, Fitch RJ, Wood R, Finley O, Sadlack F. Genetic predisposition in alcoholism: association of the D2 dopamine receptor TaqI B1 RFLP with severe alcoholics. Alcohol. 1993; 10:59–67
  • 12- Heath AC, Martin NG, Lynskey MT, Todorov AA, Madden PA. Estimating two-stage models for ge- netic influences on alcohol, tobacco or drug use initiation and dependence vulnerability in twin and family data.Twin Res. 2002; 5:113–124
  • 13- Choi IG, Kee BS, Son HG, Ham BJ, Yang BH, Kim SH, Lee JS, Son BK, Lee BY, Lee SY, Chai YG, Shin HD. Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase, dopamine and serotonin trans- porters in familial and non-familial alcoholism. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006; 16:123–128.
  • 14- Cadoret RJ, O’Gorman TW, Troughton E, Heywood E. Alcoholism and antisocial personality. Interre- lationships, genetic and environmental factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985; 42:161–167.
  • 15- Enoch MA, Goldman D. The genetics of alcoho- lism and alcohol abuse.Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2001; 3:144–151.
  • 16- Lin SW, Anthenelli RM. Genetics factors in the risk for substance use disorders. Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Milmann RB, Langrod JG (editors). Substance Abu- se. A comprehensive textbook. Fourth Edition. Lippincott Williams & Willkins Philadelphia 2005; 33–48.
  • 17- Kendler KS, Heath AC, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Ea- ves LJ. A population-based twin study of alcoho- lism in women. JAMA. 1992; 14;268:1877–1882.
  • 18- Cloninger CR, Bohman M, Sigvardsson S. Inhe- ritance of alcohol abuse. Cross-fostering analy- sis of adopted men.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981; 38:861–868.
  • 19- Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Madden PA, Dinwiddie SH, Slutske WS, Bierut LJ, Statham DJ, Dunne MP, Whitfield JB, Martin NG. Genetic and environmen- tal contributions to alcohol dependence risk in a national twin sample: consistency of findings in women and men.Psychol Med. 1997; 27:1381– 1396.
  • 20- Rounsaville BJ, Kosten TR, Weissman MM, Prusoff B, Pauls D, Anton SF, Merikangas K. Psychiatric di- sorders in relatives of probands with opiate addi- ction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991; 48:33–42.
  • 21- Hill SY, Locke J, Zezza N, Kaplan B, Neiswanger K, Steinhauer SR, Wipprecht G, Xu J. Genetic as- sociation between reduced P300 amplitude and the DRD2 dopamine receptor A1 allele in children at high risk for alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry. 1998; 43:40–51.
  • 22- Stinson FS, Grant BF, Dawson DA, Ruan WJ, Huang B, Saha T. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005; 80:105–116.
  • 23- Bierut LJ, Dinwiddie SH, Begleiter H, Crowe RR, Hesselbrock V, Nurnberger JI Jr, Porjesz B, Schuc- kit MA, Reich T. Familial transmission of substan- ce dependence: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and habitual smoking: a report from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;55:982-8. Erratum in: Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:153.
  • 24- Cadoret RJ, Cain CA, Grove WM..Development of alcoholism in adoptees raised apart from alcoho- lic biologic relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980; 37:561–563.
  • 25- Pickens RW, Svikis DS, McGue M, Lykken DT, Hes- ton LL, Clayton PJ. Heterogeneity in the inheri- tance of alcoholism. A study of male and female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991; 48:19–28.
  • 26- Hughes JR. Genetics of smoking: a brief review. Behav Ther 1986;17:335–344.
  • 27- Kendler KS, Gardner CO Jr. Twin studies of adult psychiatric and substance dependence disorders: are they biased by differences in the environ- mental experiences of monozygotic and dizygo- tic twins in childhood and adolescence?Psychol Med. 1998; 28:625–633.
  • 28- Hall W, Madden P, Lynskey M. The genetics of to- bacco use: methods, findings and policy implica- tions. Tob Control. 2002;11:119-124.
  • 29- Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Pedersen NL. Tobac- co consumption in Swedish twins reared apart and reared together.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000; 57:886–892.
  • 30- Stolerman IP, Jarvis MJ. The scientific case that nicotine is addictive. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995; 117: 2-10.
  • 31- Noble EP, St Jeor ST, Ritchie T, Syndulko K, St Jeor SC, Fitch RJ, Brunner RL, Sparkes RS. D2 dopamine receptor gene and cigarette smoking: a reward gene? Med Hypotheses. 1994; 42:257–260.
  • 32- Comings DE, Ferry L, Bradshaw-Robinson S, Bur- chette R, Chiu C, Muhleman The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene: a genetic risk factor in smoking. Pharmacogenetics. 1996; 6:73–79.
  • 33- Spitz MR, Shi H, Yang F, Hudmon KS, Jiang H, Cham- berlain RM, Amos CI, Wan Y, Cinciripini P, Hong WK, Wu X. Case-control study of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and smoking status in lung cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998; 4;90:358-363.
  • 34- Lerman C, Caporaso NE, Audrain J, Main D, Bow- man ED, Lockshin B, Boyd NR, Shields PG. Eviden- ce suggesting the role of specific genetic fac- tors in cigarette smoking. Health Psychol. 1999; 18:14–20
  • 35- Eichhammer P, Langguth B, Wiegand R, Kharraz A, Frick U, Hajak G. Allelic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter affects neuromodulatory effects of a selective serotonin transporter reup- take inhibitor (SSRI).Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003; 166:294–297.
  • 36- Ishikawa H, Ohtsuki T, Ishiguro H, Yamakawa-Ko- bayashi K, Endo K, Lin YL, Yanagi H, Tsuchiya S, Kawata K, Hamaguchi H, Arinami T. Association between serotonin transporter gene polymorp- hism and smoking among Japanese males. Can- cer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999; 8:831–833.
  • 37- Lerman C, Shields PG, Audrain J, Main D, Cobb B, Boyd NR, Caporaso N. The role of the serotonin transporter gene in cigarette smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998; 7:253–255.
  • 38- Lerman C, Caporaso NE, Audrain J, Main D, Boyd NR, Shields PG. Interacting effects of the seroto- nin transporter gene and neuroticism in smoking practices and nicotine dependence. Mol Psychiat- ry. 2000; 5:189-192.
  • 39 Lee AM, Tyndale RF. Drugs and genotypes: how pharmacogenetic information could improve smoking cessation treatment. J Psychopharma- col. 2006; 20(4 Suppl):7-14.
  • 40- Lindstrom J, Anand R, Gerzanich V, Peng X, Wang F, Wells G. Structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.Prog Brain Res. 1996; 109:125-137.
  • 41- Elgoyhen AB, Vetter DE, Katz E, Rothlin CV, Heine- mann SF, Boulter J. alpha10: a determinant of ni- cotinic cholinergic receptor function in mammali- an vestibular and cochlear mechanosensory hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 13;98:3501– 3506.
  • 42- Town T, Abdullah L, Crawford F, Schinka J, Ordo- rica PI, Francis E, Hughes P, Duara R, Mullan M. Association of a functional mu-opioid receptor al- lele (+118A) with alcohol dependency. Am J Med Genet. 1999; 88:458–461.
  • 43- Szeto CY, Tang NL, Lee DT, Stadlin A. Associati- on between mu opioid receptor gene polymorp- hisms and Chinese heroin addicts. Neuroreport. 2001; 8;12:1103–1106.
  • 44- Tyndale RF, Droll KP, Sellers EM. Genetically defici- ent CYP2D6 metabolism provides protection aga- inst oral opiate dependence.Pharmacogenetics. 1997; 7:375-379.
  • 45- Kranzler HR, Gelernter J, O’Malley S, Hernandez- Avila CA, Kaufman D. Association of alcohol or other drug dependence with alleles of the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1). Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998; 22:1359–1362.
  • 46- Kendler KS, Neale MC, Thornton LM, Aggen SH, Gilman SE, Kessler RC. Cannabis use in the last year in a US national sample of twin and sibling pairs.Psychol Med. 2002; 32:551–554.
  • 47- Luthar SS, Merikangas KR, Rounsaville BJ. Paren- tal psychopathology and disorders in offspring. A study of relatives of drug abusers. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993; 181:351–357.
  • 48- Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Cocaine use, abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of fe- male twins.Br J Psychiatry. 1998; 173:345–350.
  • 49- Comings DE, Gonzalez N, Wu S, Saucier G, John- son P, Verde R, MacMurray JP. Homozygosity at the dopamine DRD3 receptor gene in cocaine dependence. Mol Psychiatry. 1999; 4:484–487.
Bağımlılık Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1302-5570
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2000
  • Yayıncı: Galenos Yayınevi