Saponinlerin hayvan beslemede yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanımı

Hayvan beslemede performans artırıcı olarak kullanılan antibiyotik ve hormon gibi yem katkı maddelerinin yasaklanması, bitkilerde bulunan fitokimyasal maddelere ilgiyi artırmıştır. Bu amaçla, birçok bitkinin ya kendisi yada ekstraktı kullanılmaktadır. Bitki ekstraktları, beşeri hekimlikte antikanserojenik, antikolesterol ve antihipertansif gibi özelliklerinden, hayvan beslemede ise aromatik, antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antiparaziter ve immun sistemi uyarıcı gibi etkilerinden yararlanmak için yoğun olarak tercih edilmektedir. Bu derlemede, genellikle Yucca schidigera ve Quillaja saponariadan elde edilen saponin kaynaklarının antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antiparaziter, immun sistemi uyarıcı ve antikolesterol gibi etkilerini içeren çalışmalar detaylı olarak incelenmiş ve hayvan beslemede kullanım imkanları ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır.

Use of saponins as feed additive in animal nutrition

The prohibition of the use of feed additives, including antibiotics and hormones incorporated into animal feed as performance enhancers, has increased the interest in phytochemical substances found in plants. In order to make use of these phytochemical substances, either the plants themselves or their extracts are used. In human medicine, plant extracts are used for their anticarcinogenic, anticholesterol and antihypertensive effects, whilst in animal nutrition these substances are used widely for their aromatic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic and immune stimulatory effects. This review assesses in detail previous studies investigating the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, immune stimulatory and anticholesterol effects of saponin resources obtained generally from Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria, and makes a detailed evaluation of the use of these extracts in animal nutrition.

PDF

___

Afrose S., Hossain MS., Tsujii H., 2010. Effect of dietary karaya saponin on serum and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 51, 797-804.
Allison AC., Byars NE., 1986. An adjuvant formulation that selectively elicits the formation of antibodies of protective isotypes and of cell-mediated immunity. J. immunol. Meth., 96, 157.
Anonymous., 2004b. Pure Yucca schidigera and Quillaja powder. Technical bulletin. http:// www. ublcorp.com/ yuccaproducts .html *Erişim: 05.01.2012]
Aslan R., Dündar Y., Eryavuz A., Bülbül A., Küçükkurt İ., Fidan AF., Akıncı Z., 2005. Effects of various quantities of Yucca schidigera powder (Deodorase) added to diets on the performance, some hematological and biochemical blood parameters, and total antioxidant capacity of laying hens. Revue Méd. Vét., 156, 6, 350-355.
Cheeke PR., 2001. Actual and potential applications of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria saponins in human and animal nutrition. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia, 13, 115-126.
Cho S., Won CH., Lee DH., Lee MJ., Lee S., So SH., Lee SK., Koo BS., Kim NM., Chung JH., 2009. Red ginseng root extract mixed with Torilus fructus and Corni fructus improves facial wrinkles and increases type I procollagen synthesis in human skin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Med. Food, 12, 12521259.
Collins BJ., 2006. Wildflowers of the southern California., http://www.callutheran.edu/wf/des/family/des-48.html *Erişim: 25.01.2012+
Çakır S., Yalçın S., 2004. Yumurta kolesterol düzeyine etki eden faktörler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Arastırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 44, 51-63.
de Oliveira CAC., Perez AC., Merino G., Prieto JG., Alvarez AI., 2001. Protective effects of Panax ginseng on muscle injury and inflammation after eccentric exercise. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 130, 369-377.
Delmas F., Di Giorgio C., Elias R., Gasquet M., Azas N., Mshvildadze V., Dekanosidze G., Kemertelidze E., Timon-David P., 2000. Antileishmanial activity of three saponins isolated from ivy, alpha-hederin, beta-hederin and hederacolchiside A(1), as compared with their action on mammalian cells cultured in vitro. Planta Med., 66, 343-347.
Dongma AB., Kamanyi A., Franck U., Wagner H., 2002. Vasodilating properties of extracts from the leaves of Musanga cecropioides (R. Brown). Phytother Res., 16, 6-9.
Dündar Y., Aslan R., 2000. Hekimlikte oksidatif stres ve antioksidanlar. 1. Baskı. T.C. A.K.Ü. Yayın No: 29. Uyum Ajans, ISBN:975 7150 29 0, Ankara.
Fenwick SB., Price KR., Tsukamoto C., Okubo K., 1992. Saponins. In: DMello, J.P.F., Diffus, C.M., Duffus, J.H. (Eds.), Toxic substances in crop plants. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London., pp 285327.
Fidan AF., 2007. Deneysel diyabet oluşturulmuş ratlarda diyete katılan farklı yapılardaki saponin içerikli bitkilerin DNA hasarı, protein oksidasyonu ve lipid peroksidasyonu ile bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkilerinin araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, A.K.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar.
Francis G., Kerem Z., Makkar HPS., Becker K., 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems. Br. J. Nutr., 88, 587-605.
Gebera VC., Petricevich VL., Rauw I., Silva WD., 1995. Effect of saponin from Quillaja saponaria (molina) on antibody tumour necrosis factor and interferon- gamma production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem., 22, 255-263.
Growers SM., (2001). Quillaja saponaria-Soapbark Tree http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?cat_id=11&plant_id=1339&page=6 . *Erişim: 09.01.2012+.
Guo S., Falk E., Kenne L., Ronnberg B., Sundquist BG., 2000. Triterpenoid saponincontaining an acetylated branched Dfucosyl residue from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Phytochemistry, 53, 861-868.
Güçlü B., 2003. Bıldırcın rasyonlarına katılan Yucca schidigera ekstraktının yumurta verimi ve yumurta kalitesi ile bazı kan parametrelerine etkisi. Türk Veterinerlik ve Hayvancılık Dergisi, 27, 567-574.
Gürbüz E., Balevi T., Kurtoğlu V., Öznurlu Y., 2011. Use of yeast cell walls and Yucca schidigera extract in layer hens diets, Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 10, 134-138.
Holtshausen L., Chaves AV., Beauchemin KA., McGinn SM., McAllister TA, Odongo NE., Cheeke PR., Benchaar C., 2009. Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 28092821.
Hu W., Liu J., Wu Y., Guo Y., Ye J., 2006. Effects of tea saponins on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance in growing Boer goat. Arch. Anim. Nutr., February, 60, 8997.
Hu WL., Liu JX., Ye JA., Wu YM., Guo YQ., 2005. Effect of tea saponin on rumen fermentation in vitro. Ani. Feed Sci. Tech., 120, 333-339.
Hwang JT., Lee MS., Kim HJ., Sung MJ., Kim HY., Kim MS., Kwon DY., 2009.
Antiobesity effect of ginsenoside Rg3 involves the AMPK and PPAR-gamma signal pathways. Phytother. Res., 23, 262266.
Ilsley SE., Miller HM., Kamel C., 2005. Effects of dietary quillaja saponin and curcumin on the performance and immune status of weaned piglets. J Anim. Sci., 83, 82-88.
Javanmardi J., Stushnoff C., Locke E., Vivanco JM., 2003. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accesions. Food Chemistry, 83, 547-550.
Jenkins KJ., Atwal AS., 1994. Effect of dietary saponins on fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, and availability of vitamins A and E in the chick. The J Nutr Biochem., 5, 134-137.
Kaya S., Erdogan Z.,. Erdogan S., 2003. Effect of different dietary levels of Yucca schidigera powder on the performance, blood parameters and egg yolk cholesterol of laying quails. J. Vet. Med., A 50, 1417.
Keum YS., Park KK., Lee JM., et al., 2000. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Canser Letters, 150, 41-48.
Kim J., 2008. Protective effects of Asian dietary items on cancers soy and ginseng. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 9, 543548.
Kim JH., Kang SA., Han SM., Shim I., 2009. Comparison of the antiobesity effects of the protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type saponins of red ginseng. Phytother. Res., 23, 7885.
Kim SW., Park SK., Kang S., Kang HC., Oh HJ., Bae CY., Bae DH., 2003. Hypocholesterolemic property of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria extracts in human body. Arch. Pharm. Res., 26, 1042-1046.
Klita PT., Mathison GW., Fenton TW., Hardin RT., 1996. Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 74, 11441156.
Koratkar R., Rao AV., 1997. Effect of soya bean saponins on azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of mice. Nutr Cancer., 27, 206-209.
Kutlu HR., 1999. Yucca schidigera ekstraktı ve kanatlı beslenmesindeki önemi, yem sanayi semineri Yeni Bin Yılda İsletme Teknolojileri Düzenleyen; International Feed Industry Federation ve Türkiye Yem Sanayicileri Birligi. TUYAP Fuar ve Kongre Merkezi, İstanbul.
Küçükkkurt İ., 2007. Diyete farklı miktarlarda Yucca schidigera tozu katılmasının sıçanlarda plazma leptin, insülin ve tiroid hormonları ile bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkilerinin araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, A.K.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar.
Lacaille-Dubois MA., Wagner HA., 1997. Review of the biological and pharmacological activites of saponin. Phytomedicine, July., 2, 363-386.
Lovett DK., Stack L., Lovell S., Callan J., Flynn B., Hawkins M., OMara FP., 2006. Effect of feding Yucca schidigera extract on performance of lactating dairy cows and ruminal fermantation parameters in steers., Livestock Science, 102, 23-32.
Makkar HPS., Becker K., 1997. Degradation of quillajasaponins by mixed culture of rumen microbes. Lett. in Appl. Microbiol., 25,243-245.
Makkar HPS., Sen S., Blummel M., Becker K., 1998. Effects of fractions containing saponins from Yucca schidigera, Quillaja saponaria, and Acacia auriculoformis on rumen fermentation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 4324-4328.
Malinow MR., Connor WE., McLaughlin P., Stafford C., Lin DS., Livingston AL., Kohler GO., McNulty WP., 1981. Cholesterol and bile acid balance in macaca fascicularis. Effect of alfa saponins. J. Clin. Invest., 67,156-162.
Mao HL., Wang JK., Zhou YY., Liu JX., 2010. Effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of growing lambs. Livestock Science, 129, 5662.
Marzoccoa S., Piacente S., Pizza C., Oleszek W., Stochmal A., Pinto A., Sorrentino R., Autore G., 2004. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by yuccaol C from Yucca schidigera roezl. Life Sci., 75, 1491-1501.
Matsui Y., Kumagai H., Masuda H., 2006. Antihypercholesterolemic activity of catechin-free saponin-rich extract from green tea leaves. Food Sci. Technol. Res., 12 , 50-54.
Milgate J., Roberts DCK., 1995. The nutritional and biological significance of saponins. Nutr. Research., 15 , 1223-1249.
Mochizuki M., Yoo YC., Matsuzawa K., et al., 1995. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)- ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 18, 1197-1202.
Morehouse LA., Bangerter FW., De Ninno MP., Philip BI., Mc Carthy PA., Pettini JL., Savoy YE., Sugarman ED., Wilkins RW., Wilson TC., Woody HA., Zaccaro LM., Chandler CE., 1999. Comparison of synthetic saponin cholesterol absorption inhibitors in rabbits; Evidence for a non- stoichiometric, intestinal mechanism of action. J. Lipid Res., 40, 464-474.
Morgan B., Heald M., Brooks SG., Tee JL., Green J., 1972. The intractions between dietary saponin, cholesterol and related sterols in the chick. Poultry Sci., 51, 677-682.
Nagai T., Suzuki Y., Kiyohara H., Susa E., Kato T, Nagamine T., et al., 2001 Onjisaponins, from the root of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow, as effective adjuvants for nasal influenza and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccines. Vaccine, 19, 482434.
Oda K., Matsuda H., Murakami T., Katayama S., Ohgitani T., Yoshikawa M., 2000. Adjuvant and haemolytic activities of 47 saponins derived from medicinal and food plants. J. Biol. Chem., 381, 6774.
Oleszek W., 2002. Chromatographic determination of plant saponins. J. Chromatography A., 967, 147-162.
Oleszek W., Sitek M., Stochmal A., Burda S., Cheeke P., 1999. Saponin and phenolic constituents from Yucca schidigera bark (Abstr.). Page 31 in Saponins in Food, Feed stuff and Medicinal Plants. Inst. Soil Sci. Plant Cultivation, Pulawy, Poland.
Osbourn AE., 2003. Saponins in cereals. Phytochemistry, 62(1), 1-4.
Öztaşan N., Bülbül A., Eryavuz A., Avcı G., Kücükkurt İ., Fidan AF., 2008. Effect of Yucca schidigera extract on blood pressure, antioxidant activity and some blood parameters in the L- name- induced hypertensive rats. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 55, 149-153.
Piacente S., Montoro P., Oleszek W., Pizza C., 2004. Yucca schidigera Bark: Phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity. J. Nat. Prod., 67, 882-885.
Price KR., Johnson IT., Fenwick GR., 1987. The chemistry and biological significance of saponins in foods and feed stuffs. CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 26, 135.
Rhiouani H., Settaf A., Lyoussi B., Cherrah Y., Lacaille-Dubois MA., Hassar M., 1999. Effects of saponins from Herniaria glabra on blood pressure and renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Therapie, 54,735-739.
Rodrigues HG., Diniz YS., Faine LA., Galhardi CM., Burneiko RC., Almeida JA., Ribas BO., Novelli ELB., 2005. Antioxidant effect of saponin: potential action of a soybean flavonoid on glucose tolerance and risk factors for atherosclerosis. Int. J. Food. Sci. Nutr., 56, 79-85.
Ryu JK., Lee T., Kim DJ., Park IS., Yoon SM., Lee HS., Song SU., Suh JK., 2005. Free radical-scavenging activity of Korean Red ginseng for erectile dysfunction in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats. Urology, 65, 611615.
San Martin R., Briones R., 1999. Industrial uses and sustainable supply of Quillaja saponaria (Rosaceae) saponins. Econ. Bot., 53, 302-311.
Santoso B., Mwenya B., Sar C., Gamo Y., Kobayashi T., Morikawa R., Kimura K., Mizukoshi H., Takahashi J., 2004a. Effects of supplementing galacto-oligosaccharides, Yucca schidigera or nisin on rumen methanogenesis, nitrogen and energy metabolism in sheep. Livest. Prod. Sci., 91, 209217.
Scott MT, Bahr G., Moddaber F., Afchaın D., Chedıd L., 1984. Adjuvant requirements for protective immunization of mice using Trypanosoma cruzi 90K cell surface glycoprotein. Int. Archs. Allergy appl. Immunol., 74, 373.
Seely D., Dugoua JJ., Perri D., et al., 2008. Safety and efficacy of Panax ginseng during pregnancy and lactation. Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 15, 87-94.
Sen S., Makkar HPS., Muetzel S., Becker K., 1998. Effect of Quillaja saponiria and Yucca schidigera plant extract on growth of Escherichia coli. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 27, 3538.
Sidhu GS., Oakenfull DG., 1986. A mechanism for the hypocholesterolaemic activity of saponins. Br. J. Nutr., 55, 643-649.
Sim JS., Kitts WD., and Bragg DB., 1984. Effect of dietary saponin on egg cholesterol level and laying hen performance. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 64, 977-984.
Singer MD., Robinson PH., Salem AZM., DePeters EJ., 2008. Impacts of rumen fluid modified by feeding Yucca schidigera to lactating dairy cows on in vitro gas production of 11 common dairy feedstuffs, as well as animal performance. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 146, 242258.
Sparg SG., Light ME., Staden J., 2004. Biological activities and distribution of plants saponins. J. Ethnopharmacol., 94, 219-243.
Tanaka O., Tamura Y., Matsuda H., Mizutani K., 1996. In saponins used in food and agriculture; Waller, G. R., Yamasaki, K., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, pp 1-11.
Teferedegne B., 2000. New perspectives on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 59, 209-214.
Wang JP., Kim IH., 2011. Effect of caprylic acid and Yucca schidigera extract on production performance, egg quality, blood characteristics, and excreta microflora in laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 52, 711-717.
Wang Y., Mc Allister TA., Newbold CJ., Rode LM., Cheeke PR., Cheng KJ., 1998. Effects of Yucca schidigera extract on fermentation and degradation of steroidal saponins in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 74, 143-153.
Wang YX., McAllister TA., Yanke LJ., Xu ZhJ., Cheeke PR., Cheng KJ., 2000. In vitro effects of steroidal saponins from Yucca Schidigera extract on rumen microbial protein synthesis and ruminal fermentation. J. Sci. Food Agric., 80, 21142122.
Williams AG., Coleman GS., 1991. The rumen protozoa. Springer-Verlag New York Inc., New York.
Wilson RC., Overton TR., Clark JH., 1998. Effects of Yucca schidigera extract and soluble protein on performance of cows and concentrations of urea nitrogen in plasma and milk. J. Dairy Sci., 81, 10221027.
Zaoui A., Cherrah Y., Lacaille-Dubois MA., Settaf A., Amarouch H., Hassar M., 2000. Diuretic and hypotensive effects of Nigella sativa in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Therapie, 55, 379-382.