Determination of Aflatoxin Levels of Feeds Used in Dairy Cow Farms and Their Effects on Blood Parameters and Milk Aflatoxin Levels in Hatay

Hatay İli Süt İneği İşletmelerinde Kullanılan Yemlerin Aflatoksin Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi ve Bu Yemlerin Kan Parametreleri ile Sütteki Aflatoksin Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract: In the study, AFB1 and total aflatoxin levels of roughages and concentrates from twenty dairy farms in Hatay, AFB 1 carry over rate (CO) from feed to milk as AFM1 and correlation between total aflatoxin intake and blood parameters were investigated. In none of the roughage samples, AFB1 levels was over 5 ppb while the concentrates of 9 farms were found to be above 5 ppb legal limit. The average AFB1 levels of concentrates and roughages, and the average AFB1 intake were 4.496 ppb, 1.282 ppb and, 15.987 μg/day, respectively. A total of one hundred milk samples were collected by taking five dairy cows from each farm. The two of milk samples were found to be exceeded the level of 0.05 ppb of the AFM 1 level that is the statutory limit in Turkey. The average AFM1 level of the farms was 0.0214 ppb and none exceeded the legal limit. The average CO rate of farms was found to be 2.66%. The correlation coefficients were not significant between total aflatoxins intake and blood parameters. As a result, the AFM1 excretion in milk was related to AFB 1 intake and milk yield. In dairy cows, a daily intake of AFB1 37.3 μg at maximum level should not be exceeded to stay in the statutory limit for AFM1 in milk.

PDF

___

1. Agag BI., 2004. Mycotoxin in food and feeds 1- aflatoksin. The Assiut University Bulletin For Environmental Researches, Vol. 7 No: 1. 2. Bryden WL., 2007. Mycotoxins in the food chain: human health implications. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16, 95-101. 3. Hussein HS., Brasel JM., 2001. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167, 101-134. 4. Zain ME., 2011. Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15, 129-144. 5. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2004. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003; FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 81. FAO/ UN; Rome, Italy. 6. Aydın N., 2007. Hayvan sağlığında mikotoksinler ve mikotoksikozis. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 21, 37-46. 7. Van Egmond HP., Schothorst RC., Jonker MA., 2007. Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives in a global and European context. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 389, 147- 157. 8. Masoero F., Gallo A., Moschini M., Piva G., Diaz D., 2007. Carryover of aflatoxin from feed to milk in dairy cows with low or high somatic cell counts. Animal, 1, 1344-1350. 9. Fink-Gremmels J., 2008. Mycotoxins in cattle feeds and carry-over to dairy milk: a review. Food Additives & Contaminants, 25, 172-180. 10. Oruç HH., 2003. Süt ve süt ürünlerinde aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) ve Türkiyedeki durumu. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 1-2-3, 121-125. 11. Harris B., Staples CR., 2003. The problems of mycotoxins in dairy cattle rotations. Department of Animal Science document DS31. University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32611. 12. Diaz DE., Hagler Jr WM., Blackwelder JT., Eve JA., Hopkins BA., Anderson KL., Jones FT., Whitlow LW., 2004. Aflatoxin binders II: reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed. Mycopathologia, 157, 233-241. 13. Veldman A., Meijs JAC., Borggreve GJ., Heeres- van der Tol JJ., 1992. Carry-over of aflatoxin from cows' food to milk. Animal Production, 55, 163- 168. 14. EFSA, 2004. Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the commission related to aflatoxin B1 as undesirable substance in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 39, 1-27. 15. Jouany JP., Yiannikouris A., Bertin G., 2009. Risk assessment of mycotoxins in ruminants and ruminant products. In "Nutritional and foraging ecology of sheep and goats", Eds., Papachristou TG., Parissi ZM, Ben Salem H., Morand-Fehr P., 85, 205-224. Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens, CIHEAM/FAO/ NAGREF; Zaragoza, Spain. 16. Aksu T., Baytok E., 2011. İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı açısından bitmeyen tehlikeye güncel bir yaklaşım (Yem-gıda maddelerinde mitoksin bulaşıklığı). Yem Magazin, 61, 59-64. 17. AOAC, 2003. Official method 2003.02; Aflatoxin B1 in cattle feed immunoaffinity column liquid chromatography method first action. Association of Official Analytical Chemists; Washington DC, USA. 18. EN ISO 14501, 2007. Milk and milk powder- Determination of aflatoxin M1 content- Clean-up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. International Organization for Standardization; Geneva, Switzerland. 19. R-Biopharm, 2005. Aflatoxin M1 Test, Ref:A11- RP71/70N.V2. R-Biopharm Rhone ltd; Darmstadt, Germany. 20. Frobish RA., Bradley BD., Wagner DD., Long- Bradley PE., Hairston H., 1986. Aflatoxin residues in milk of dairy cows after ingestion of naturally contaminated grain. Journal of Food Protection, 49, 781-785. 21. Failla LJ., Lynn D., Niehaus Jr WG., 1986. Correlation of Zn 2+ content with aflatoxin content of corn. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52, 73-74. 22. Şanlı Y., 2002. Veteriner Klinik Toksikoloji. Genişletilmiş 2.Baskı, 487-548. Medipres Yayınları, Ankara. 23. Juszkiewicz T., Piskorska-Pliszcynska J., 1992. Occurrence of mycotoxins in animal feeds. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 11, 211-215. 24. Bingöl NT., Tanrıtanır P., Dede S., Ceylan E., 2007. Influence of aflatoxin present in forages and concentrated feedstuffs on milk and some serum biochemical parameters in goats. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 51, 65-69. 25. Sugiyama K., Hiraoka H., Sugita-Konishi Y., 2008. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw bulk milk and the presence of aflatoxin B1 in corn supplied to dairy cattle in Japan. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi, 49, 352-355. 26. Udom IE., Ezekiel CN., Fapohunda SO., Okoye ZSC., Kalu CA., 2012. Incidence of aspergillus section flavi and concentration of aflatoxin in feed concentrates for cattle in Jos. Nigeria. Journal of Veterinary Advances, 2, 39-46. 27. Polat N., 2012. Erzurum ili süt sığırı işletmelerindne alınan kaba ve konsantre yem örneklerinde total aflatoksin, aflatoksin B1 ve okratoksin İle sütte aflatoksin M1 düzeylerinin tespiti. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye. 28. Völkel I., Schröer-Merker E., Czerny CP., 2011. The Carry-Over of mycotoxins in products of animal origin with special regard to its implications for the European food safety legislation. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2, 852-867. 29. Pettersson H., 2004. Controlling mycotoxins in animal feed. In "mycotoxins in food, detection and control", Eds., Magan N., Olsen M., 262-304, Woodhead Publication, Cambridge. 30. Polovinski-Horvatovic MS., Juric VB., Glamocic D., 2009. The frequency of occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk on the territory of vojvodina. Proc Nat Sci Matica Srpska Novi Sad, 116, 75-80. 31. Yitbarek MB., Tamir B., 2013. Mycotoxines and/or aflatoxines in milk and milk products: review. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Science (ASRJETS), 4, 1-32. 32. Karakaya Y., Atasever M., 2010. Mısır silajında aflatoksin B1 varlığının ve süte geçme durumunun araştırılması. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16, 123-127. 33. Britzi M., Friedman S., Miron J., Solomon R., Cuneah O., Shimshoni JA., Soback S., Ashkenazi R., Armer S., Shlosberg A., 2013. Carry-over of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1 in high yielding Israeli cows in mid- and late-lactation. Toxins, 5, 173- 183. 34. Mohammadi H., 2011. A review of aflatoxin M1, milk, and milk products. In "Aflatoxins - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology", Ed., Ramon G. Guevara-Gonzalez, 397-414. InTech Open Access. 35. Çeçen A., 2009. Ahırda ve merada beslenen hayvanların sütlerinde aflatoksin M 1 oluşumunun karşılaştırılması. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye. 36. Applebaum RS., Marth EH., 1983. Responses of dairy cows to dietary aflatoxin: concentration of blood serum constituents and hormones associated with liver-kidney dysfunction and maintenance of lactation. European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18, 381-386. 37. Battacone G., Nudda A., Palomba M., Mazzette A., Pulina G., 2009. The transfer of aflatoxin M1 in milk of ewes fed diet naturally contaminated by aflatoxins and effect of inclusion of dried yeast culture in the diet. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 4997-5004. 38. Akkaya MR., 2011. Süt sığırlarında aflatoksin B1 içeren yemlerin toksin bağlayıcılar ile kontrolü ve aflatoksin M1 oluşumunun saptanması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.