What Happened to Projectile Points in the İzmir Region during the Neolithic Period?

Neolitik dönem yontmataş aletleri arasında, ekonomik aktivitelerin yapısını gösteren iki alet tipi bulun- maktadır; uçlar ve orak dilgileri. Uçlar, en azından Paleolitik dönemlerden itibaren tüm geçim kaynak- larının temel birleşenlerini oluşturmaktadır. Batı Anadoludaki, özellikle de İzmir bölgesinde yer alanUlucak Höyük (MÖ 7040-5660), Yeşilova Höyük (MÖ 6500) ve Ege Gübre (MÖ 6250-5720) gibi buluntuyerlerindeki kazılar, MÖ erken 7. bin ile erken 6. bin arasına tarihlenen yontmataş endüstrilerinin yapısıhakkında bilgiler vermektedir. Bu çalışma, Batı Anadolu yontmataş endüstrilerinin ışığı altında uçlardakigerileme ile ilgili temel soruyu cevaplamaya çalışmaktadır; Neolitik dönemde uçlara ne oldu?

NEOLİTİK DÖNEMDE İZMİR BÖLGESİ'NDE UÇLARA NE OLDU?

Among Neolithic lithic tools, two types clearly indicate the nature of economic activities; projectile pointsand sickle blades. Projectile points are the key components of all human subsistence strategies and arefound in many forms in prehistoric sites, from the Palaeolithic period onwards. Excavations at westernAnatolian sites, especially the İzmir area, such as Ulucak Höyük (7040-5660 BC), Yeşilova Höyük (6500BC) and Ege Gübre (6250-5720 BC) have provided insights about the nature of lithic industries from theearly seventh to the early sixth millennium BC. This study will try to answer the basic question about thedecline of projectile points during the Neolithic period in the light of western Anatolian lithic industries;what happened to projectile points in the Neolithic period?

PDF

___

Arsebük and Korfman 1976: G. Arsebük, M. Korfmann, Tülintepe Kazılarından Sapan Taneleri Toplu Buluntusu, 1972, Keban Projesi 1972 Çalışmaları, Ankara, 134-144.
Bar-Yosef 2010: O. Bar-Yosef, Warfare in Levantine Early Neolithic. A Hypothesis to be Considered, Neolithics 1(10), 6-10.
Bialor 1962: P. Bialor, The Chipped Stone Industry of Çatal Höyük, AnSt 12, 67-110.
Bordaz 1969: J. Bordaz, The Süberde Excavations, Southwestern Turkey an Interim Report, TAD XVII (2), 43-71.
Bordaz and Bordaz 1983: J.Bordaz, L.A. Bordaz, Erbaba, the1977 and 1978 Season in Perspective, TAD 26(1), 85-93.
Carter 2011: T. Carter, A True Gift of Mother Earth: The Use and Significance of Obsidian at Çatalhöyük, AnSt 61, 1-19.
Carter and Milić 2013: T. Carter, M. Milić, The Chipped Stone In: I. Hodder (Ed.) Çatalhöy ük Research Project Volume 9: Substantive Technologies at Çatalhöyük. Reports from the 2000-2008 Seasons. British Institute at Ankara Monographs 48, Oxford, 417-478.
Childe 1951: V.G. Childe, Man Makes Himself, New York.
Clare 2011: L. Clare, Pastoral Clashes: Conflict Risk and Mitigation at the Pottery Neolithic Transition in the Southern Levant, Neolithics 1(10), 13-31.
Clare et.al. 2008: L. Clare, J. Eelco, B.W. Bohling, H. Johanna, Warfare in Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic Pisidia, Southwestern Turkey. Climate Induced Social Unrest in the Late 7th Millennium cal BC, Documenta Praehistorica XXXV, 65-92.
Clark 1969: J.G.D. Clark, The Mesolithic Settlement of Southern Europe, New York.
Çakirlar 2012: C. Çakırlar, The Evolution of Animal Husbandry in Neolithic Central-west Anatolia: The Zooarchaeological Record from Ulucak Höyük (c. 7040-5660 cal. BC, İzmir, Turkey, AnSt 62, 1-33.
Çilingiroğlu 2005: Ç. Çilingiroğlu, The Concept of Neolithic Package: Considering Its Meaning and Applicability, Documenta Praehistorica 32, 1-13.
Çilingiroğlu 2009: Ç. Çilingiroğlu, Central-west Anatolia at the end of the 7th and beginning of the 6th Millennium BCE in the Light of Pottery from Ulucak (İzmir). PhD thesis, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen.
Çilingiroğlu 2011: Ç. Çilingiroğlu, The Current State of Neolithic Research at Ulucak, İzmir In R. Kraub (Ed.), Beginnings-New Research in the Appearance of the Neolithic between Northwest Anatolia and the Carpathian Basin, Menshen-Kulturen-Traditionen, Stıudien aus den Forschungsclustern des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Rahden/West, 67-76.
Çilingiroğlu et al. 2004: A. Çilingiroğlu, Z. Derin, E. Abay, H. Sağlamtimur, I. Kayan, Ulucak Höy ük: Excavations Conducted between 1995-2002, Leuven.
Çilingiroğlu et al. 2012: A. Çilingiroğlu, Ö. Çevik, Ç. Çilingiroğlu: Ulucak Höyük. Towards Understanding the Early Farming Communities of Middle West Anatolia: the Contribution of Ulucak In M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P.Kuniholm (Eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations and New Research. Western Anatolia, İstanbul, 139-175.
Çilingiroğlu and Çakirlar 2013: Ç. Çilingiroğlu, C. Çakırlar, Towards Configuring the Neolithisation of Aegean Turkey, Documenta Praehistorica XL: 21-29.
Derin 2011a: Z. Derin, Yeşilova Höyük In R. Kraub (Ed.) Beginnings-New Research in the Appearance of the Neolithic between Northwest Anatolia and the Carpathian Basin, Rahden, 95-106.
Derin 2011b: Z. Derin, İzmir-Yeşilova Höyüğü 2009 Yılı Kazı Çalışmaları, 32. KST 4, 315-323.
Derin 2012a: Z. Derin, Yeşilova Höyük In M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P.Kuniholm (Eds.), The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavationas and New Research. Western Anatolia, İstanbul, 178-195.
Derin 2012b: Z. Derin, İzmirin Prehistorik Yerleşim Alanı. Yeşilova Höyüğü-2010, 33. KST 2, 33-56.
Derin vd. 2009: Z. Derin, F.Ay, T. Caymaz, İzmirin Prehistorik Yerleşimi-Yeşilova Höyüğü 2005-2006 Yılı Çalışmaları, ADerg XIII (1): 7-58.
Duru 2008: R. Duru, M.Ö. 8000den M.Ö. 2000e Burdur-Antalya Bölgesinin Altınbin Yılı, Antalya.
Duru 2012: R. Duru, The Neolithic of the Lakes Region. Hacılar-Kuruçay Höyük-Höyücek-Bademağacı Höyük In: M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P.Kuniholm (Eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations and New Research. Western Anatolia, İstanbul, 1-65.
Guilaine and Zammit 2005: J. Guilaine, J. Zammit, The Origins of War: Violence in Prehistory, Oxford.
Hamilakis 2003: Y. Hamilakis, The Sacred Geography of Hunting Wild Animals, Social Power and Gender in Early Farming Societies In: E. Kotjabopoulou, Y. Hamilakis, P. Halstead, C. Gamble, P. Elefanti (Eds.) Zooarchaeology in Greece: Recent Advances, London, 239-247.
Hershkovitz and Gopher 2008: I. Hershkovitz, A. Gopher, Demographic, Biological and Cultural Aspects of the Neolithic Revolution: A View from the Southern Levant In J.P. Bocquet-Appel, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.) The Neolithic Demographic Transition and Its Consequences, Berlin, 441-480.
Horejs 2012: B. Horejs, Çukuriçi Höyük: A Neolithic and Bronze Age Settlement in the Region of Ephesus In: M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P.Kuniholm (Eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations and New Research. Western Anatolia, İstanbul, 118-131.
Ibarez et al. 2007: J.J.Ibarez, J. Gonzales-Urquijo, A. Rodriguez, The Evolution of Technology during the PPN in the Middle Euphrates: A View from Use-Wear Analysis of Lithic Tools In: L. Astruc, D. Binder, F. Briois (Eds.), Systémes Techniques et Communautés du Néolithique Précéramique au Proche-Orient Technical Systems and Near Eastern PPN Communities, Antibes, 153-165.
Kartal 2013: G. Kartal, Karain Bnin Geç Neolitik- Erken Kalkolitik (H.V) ve Kalkolitik (H.IV) Çağ Yontmataş Endüstrilerinin Tekno-Tipolojik Analizi, PhD thesis, Ankara University.
Kartal 2003: M. Kartal, Anatolian Epi-Paleolithic Period Assemblages. Problems, Suggestions, Evaluations and Various Approaches, Anatolia 24, 45-62.
Knecht 1997: H. Knecht, The History and Development of Projectile Technology Research In H. Knecht (Ed.) Projectile Technology, NewYork, 3-36.
Kolankaya-Bostanci 2006: N. Kolankaya-Bostancı, Liman Tepe Orta Tunç Çağı İçbükey Dipli Ok Uçları In: A. Erkanal, E. Özgen, S. Günel, A. T. Ökse, H. Hüryılmaz, H. Tekin, N. Çınardalı- Karaaslan, B. Uysal, F.A. Karaduman, A. Engin, R. SpieB, A. Aykurt, R. Tuncel, U. Deniz, A. Rennie (Eds.), Hayat Erkanala Armağan. Kültürlerin Yansıması, İstanbul, 491-495.
Kolankaya-Bostanci 2008: N. Kolankaya-Bostancı, Erken Tunç Çağı I Döneminde Bakla Tepe Yontmataş endüstrisi, Anatolia. Ek Dizi 2, 165-183.
Kolankaya-Bostanci 2011: N. Kolankaya-Bostancı, The Use of Obsidian in Coastal Western Anatolia during the Early Bronze AgeIn A. Anadol (Ed.) Across: The Cyclades and Western Anatolia during the 3rd Millennium BC, İstanbul, 154-157.
Korfman 1972: M. Korfmann, Schleuder und Bogen in Südwestasien von den frühsten Belegen bis zum Beginn der Historischen Stadtsttaten, Bonn.
Korfman 1973: M. Korfmann, The Sling as a Weapon, Scientific American 229/4: 34-42.
Korfmann et al. 2007: M. Korfmann, F. Dedeoğlu, M. Erdalkıran, Ulucak Höyük Neolitik Dönem Sapan Taneleri In G. Umurtak, Ş. Dönmez, A. Yurtsever (Eds.) Refik Duruya Armağan, İstanbul, 41-50.
Kozlowski 1999: S.K. Kozlowski, The Big Arrowheads Industries (BAI) in the Near East Neolithics 99/2, 8-10.
Le Blanc 2010: S.A. LeBlanc, Early Neolithic Warfare in the Near East and Its Broader Implications, Neolithics 1/10, 40-49.
Lichter 2005: C. Lichter (Ed.), How Did Farming Reach Europe. Byzas , İstanbul.
McBrearty and Brooks 2000: S. McBrearty, A.S.Brooks, The Revolution that wasnt: A New Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Human Behaviour, Journal of Human Evolution 39, 453-563
Mellaart 1967: J. Mellaart, Çatalhöyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia, London.
Odell and Cowan 1986: G.H. Odell, F. Cowan, Experiments with Spears and Arrows on Animal Targets, JFieldA 13 (2), 195-212.
Özdoğan 2008: M. Özdoğan, An Alternative Approach in Tracing Changes in Demographic Composition. The Westward Expansion of the Neolithic Way of Life In: J.P. Bocquet-Appel, O. Bar-Yosef (Eds.), The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences, Springer, 39-178.
Özdoğan 2011: M. Özdoğan, Archaeological Evidence on the Westward Expansion of Farming Communities from Eastern Anatolia to the Aegean and the Balkans, Current Anthropology 52 (S4), S415-S430.
Perlés 2001: C. Perlés, The Early Neolithic in Greece. The First Farming Communities in Europe, Cambridge.
Rosen 1996: S.A. Rosen, The Decline and Fall of Flint In: G. Odell (Ed.), Stone Tools. Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory, London, 129-158.
Sağlamtimur 2011: H. Sağlamtimur, Environmental Factors in the Neolithic Settlement of Ege Gübre In: R. Kraub (Ed.) Beginnings-New Research in the Appearance of the Neolithic between Northwest Anatolia and the Carpathian Basin, Rahden, 77-82.
Sağlamtimur 2012: H. Sağlamtimur, The Neolithic Settlement of Ege Gübre in M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen, P.Kuniholm (Eds.) The Neolithic in Turkey. New Excavations and New Research. Western Anatolia, İstanbul: 197-225.
Shea 2006: J.J. Shea, The Origins of Lithic Projectile Point Technology: Evidence from Africa, Levant, and Europe, JASc 33: 823-46.
Thissen 2010: L. Thissen, The Neolithic-Chalcolithic Sequence in the SW Anatolian Lakes Region, Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII, 269-282.
Wiessner 1983: P. Wiessner, Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile Points, American Antiquity 48 (2), 253-276.