Türkiye'de Zorunlu Eğitim Süresinin Arttırılmasının Sağlayacağı Kazançlar

Eğitime yatırım, sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme için temel anahtar olmaktadır. Zira, eğitim hem dolaysız olarak verimliliği artırmakta, hem de gelir dağılımındaki eşitsizliği azaltmaktadır. Beşeri sermaye teorisinin esas savını oluşturan husus, eğitime yapılan yatırımın işgücünün verimliliğini arttırarak ekonomik büyümeye yol açtığıdır. Ayrıca, eğitimin verimlilik üzerindeki bu olumlu etkileri kuşaklar boyu sürmektedir. Beşeri sermaye gelişiminin sınırlı kalması, ekonomik kalkınma için çok ciddi bir engel oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de zorunlu temel eğitim yıllarının arttırılmasının ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel yaşam üzerindeki olası etkilerinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Genişletilmiş eğitimin pek çok ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel etkilerinin sadece bir kısmı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla diğer ülkelerden yapılan çalışmalardan örnekler verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, yapılan çalışmalardan şu saptamanın açıkça ifade edildiğini görüyoruz: Zorunlu temel eğitim düzeyini on yıla yada daha yukarı çıkaran ülkelerde ekonomik gelişme daha hızlı olmuştur.

Economic Benfits from Rising Compulsory Years of Education in Turkey

Since the early 1960s, economists began to emphasize that there exists a strong positive relationship between investment in education and economic development. Human capital theory argues that education transforms the raw human beings into productive "human capital" by inculcating the skill required by both the traditional sector and the modern sector of the economy, and makes the individuals more productive not only in the market place but also in the household. According to this theory, investment in education is a key element of the development process. This interaction between investment in education and economic growth is argued to be reciprocal. In other words, investment in education contributes to economic growth and economic growth, in turn, leads to an increased investment in education. This paper aims to investigate the possible effects of rising compulsory education level on economic, social and cultural environment in Turkey. For this purpose, some studies done in other countries are also surveyed. The results of these studies indicate that countries which increased compulsory level of education had experienced high levels of economic growth over the years.

PDF

___

ADELMAN, Irma / MORRIS, Cynthia T. (1973), Economic Growth and Social Equit Developing Countries (California: Stanford University Press).
ADELMAN, Irma / LEVY, A. (1984), "The Equalizing Role of Human Resource Intensive Growth Strategies: A Theoretical Model," Journal of Policy Modeling, 6/2 (July): 271-87.
ADEM, Mahmut (1997), "Zorunlu Temel Eğitim," TUBA, Bilimsel Toplantı Serisi: 8.
ADEM, Mahmut (2001), "Sekiz Yıllık Zorunlu ilköğretim Hedefine Ulaştı mı?," ABECE Eğitim ve Ekin Dergisi, Sayı 180: 2-4.
ADEM, Mahmut (2003), "Sekiz Yıllık Kesintisiz Zorunlu Eğitimin Neresindeyiz?," ABECE Eğitim ve Ekin Dergisi, Sayı 206: 3-4.
AHLUNVLIA, M. S. (1974), "Income Inequality: Some Dimensions of the Problem," in Chenery et al: 3-37.
BARRO, R. J. (1991), "Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries," The Quarter/ Journal of Economics, 106/2 (May): 407-443.
BAŞ, Kemal (1997), "Eğitim, Kalkınma, Gelir ve Doğurganlık İlişkileri: Mersin Örneği," A.Ü. SBF Dergisi, Cilt: 52, No: 1-4.
BAŞARAN, E. İbrahim (1982), "Temel Eğitim ve Yönetimi," A.Ü. Eğitim Fakültesi Yayın No. 112.
BECKER, G.S. / MURPHY, K. M. / TAMURA, R. (1990), "Human Capital, Fertility, and Economic Growth," Journal of Political Economy, 98/5.
BENAVOT, A. (1985), Education and Economic Development in the Modern World (Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, unpublished).
BENGTSSON, J. (1993), The Interaction between Education and the Economy," Council of Europe Seminar on Education: Structures, Policies, and Strategies (Strasbourg, Dec. 7-10).
BIRDSALL, N. / ROSS, David / SABOT, Richard (1995), "Inequality and Growth Reconsidered: Lessons from East Asia," The World Bank Economic Review, 9/3: 477-508.
BOWMA, M.J. (1980), "education and Economic Growth: An Overview," KING, T. (ed.), Staff Working Paper, No 402 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank): 1-71.
BOWLES, S. (1972), "Schooling and Inequality from Generation to Generation," Journal of Political Economy, 80/3 Port II: Supplement (May/June): 5219-51.
BULUTAY, T. (1995), Employment,Unemployment and Wages in Turkey (Ankara: DİE).
EASTERLIN, R. (1981)( "Why Isn't the Whole World Developed?," Journal of Economic History, 41/1:1-19.
GAFFARD, J. L. (1993), "Towards a Theory of the Creation of Technology as an Out-of-Equilibrium Process," FORAY, D. /FREEMAN, C. (Ed.), Technology and the Wealth of Nations, The Dynamics of Constructed Advantage, Published in association with the OECD (London: Printed Publishers): 135-144.
GÜNGÖR, N.D. (1997), "Education and Economic Growth in Turkey 1980-1990: A Panel Study," METU Studies in Development, 24/2: 185-214.
HADDAD, W.D. et al. (1990), "Education and Development: Evidence for New Priorities," TheWorldBank Discussion Paper, No 95 (Washington D.C.: World Bank).
HAVEMAN, R. / WOLFE, B. (1984), "Schooling and Economic Well-Being: The Role of Non-Market Effects," Journal of Human Resources, 19: 377-407.
HICKS, N.L. (1987), "Education and Economic Growth; Modernization and Education," PSACHAROPOULOS, G. (ed.), Economics of Education, Research and Studies (Oxford: Pergam on Press): 101-107.
POSTER, A.D. / ROSENZWEIG, N. R. (1996), "Technical Change and Human-Capital returns and Investments. Evidence from the Green Revolution," The American Economic Review, 86/4,931-953.
JAMISON, D. T. / LAWRENCE, J. L. (1982), Farmer Education and Farm Efficiency (Baltimore: Johna Hopkins for The World Bank).
KING, T. (ed.) (1980), "Education and Income," Staff Working Paper, No 402 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank).
KRUEGER, A.O. (1968), "Factor Endowments and Per Capital Income Differences Among Countries," Economic Journal, 78 (September): 641-659.
LUTZ, Wolfgang (1997), "The Population/Environment Predicament: Even More Urgent Than "Supposed," Politics and Life Science (September).
MARRIS, R. (1982), Economic Growth in Cross Section: Experiments with Real Product Data, Social Indicators, Model Selection Procedures, and Policy Benefit/Cost Analysis (London: University of London, Birbeck, Discussion Paper).
McMAHON, Walter W. / BOEDIONO, Walter W. (1992), "Universal Basic Education: An Overall Strategy of Invesment Priorities for Economic Growth," Economic of Education Review, 11/2: 137-151.
MEYER, J.M. / HANNAN, R.R. / THOMAS, G. (1979), "National Economic Development 1950-1970 : Social and Political Factors," MEYER, J. / HANNAN, M. (eds.), National Development and the World System (Chi).
MINCER, C. (1974), Schooling, Experience and Earnings (New York: Colombia University Press).
PSACHAROPOULOS, G. (1977a), " Unequal Access to Education and Income Distribution," The Economist, 125/3 (September): 383-92.
PSACHAROPOULOS, G. (1985), "Return to Education: A Further: A International Update and Implications," Journal of Human Resources, 20 (Fall): 583-604.
PSACHAROPOULOS, G. (1988), "Education and Development: AReview," World Bank Research Observer, 3/1: 99-116.
RAZIN, A. (1977), "Economic Growth and Education: New Evidence," Economic Development and Cultural Change, 25/2: 317- 324.
ROMER, P.M. (1986), "Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth," Journal of Political Economy, 94/5: 1002-1037.
ROMER, P.M. (1990), "Endogenous Technological Change," Journal of Political Economy, 98/5: 71-102.
ROSENZWEIG, M.R. / WOLPIN, K.I. (1998), "Life-Cycle Labor and Fertility: Causal Inferences from Houshold Models," SCHULTZ, T.P. (ed.), Economic Demography, Vol. 2 (Cheltenham, U.K. and Northampton, Mass.: Elgar): 3-23.
SATZ, Debra (2003), "Child Labor: A Normative Perspective," The World Bank Review, Vol. 17, No. 2: 297-309.
SCHULTZ, T.W. (1975), "The Value of the Ability to Deal with Disequilibria," Journal of Economic Literature, 13/3: 827-846.
SCHULTZ, T. W. (1981), "The Economics of Being Poor," SCHULTZ, T.W. (ed.), Investing in People (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press): 3-17.
SIMPSON, M. (1990), "Political Rights and Income Inequality: A Cross-National Test," American Sociological Review, 55: 682-693.
SUBBARAO, V. / RANEY, L.C. (1995), "Social Gains from Male Education-A Cross Nation Study," Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 44, Issue 1: 105-128.
TANSEL, Aysit (1994), "Wage Employment, Earnings and Returns to Schooling for Men and Women in Turkey," Economics of Education Review, 13/4: 305 -319.
TEZCAN, Mahmut (1992), Eğitim Sosyolojisi (Ankara: Zirve Ofset, 8. baskı).
THUROW, L.C. (1975), "Education and Economic Inequality," PuWic Interest, 28 (Summer): 66-81.
THUROW, L.C. (1975), Generating Inequality (New York: Basic Bokss).
THUROW, L. C.. (1983), Dangerous Currents The State of Economics (New York: Randon House).
TILAK, J. B.G. (1986), "Education in an Unequal World," Educational Planning: A Long Term Perspective, (New Delhi: Concept Publishers for National' Institute of Educational Planning and Administration): 27-50.
TILAK, J.B.G. (1989), Education and Its Relation to Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Distribution: Past Evidence and Further Analysis (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank).
TINBERGEN, Jan (1975), Income Distribution: Analysis and Policies (Amsterdam: North Holland).
TÜRKOĞLU, A. (1994), Üretimde ve Tüketimde insan Faktörünün Önemi (yayınlanmamış çalışma).
WHEELER, D. (1980), Human Resource Development and Economic Development in Developing Countries: A Simultaneous Model (Washington, D.C.: Staff Working Paper, No. 407).
WORLD BANK (1995), Advancing Social Development (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank).
WORLD BANK (1990), Indonesia Poverty Assessment and Strategy Report, No. 8034-IND, 179 PP County Department V (Washington, D.C.).