Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Kurumlarının Dış Mekanları Üzerine Bir Derleme: Tasarım ve Değerlendirme

Oyun üzerine yapılan pek çok çalışmanın sonucunda erken çocukluk döneminde oyunun önemi kabul edilmiştir. Ancak oyun, son yıllarda, birçok ülkede sadece iç mekanda gerçekleşen bir süreç gibi algılanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla oyunu destekleyen ve oyun için elverişli ortamlara ilişkin düzenlemelerin ve ölçütlerin çoğu, iç mekan gözetilerek yapılmaktadır. Bu durumun doğal bir sonucu olarak erken çocukluk eğitimi kurumlarının dış mekanları ve dış mekan oyunlarını inceleyen çalışmalar çarpıcı sonuçlar ortaya koymuşlardır. Örneğin bu çalışmalar, dış mekanların çoğunlukla çocukları işlevsel/fonksiyonel oyuna yönlendiren ve fiziksel gelişimi destekleyen sabit oyun donanımlarından oluştuğunu ve serbest parçalar (loose parts) olarak belirtilebilecek, çocuğun kendi ilgi ve gereksinimleri doğrultusunda, amacına uygun veya amacı dışında kullanabileceği materyallerden yoksun oyun alanları olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Bu nedenle dış mekanların, sahip olduğu potansiyeli ortaya çıkarabilecek biçimde ve yapı-inşa oyunları, dramatik oyunlar, kurallı oyunlar, birlikte oyun, işbirlikçi oyun gibi oyunlara yönelik olarak tasarlanmasına gereksinim vardır. Ancak yapılacak tasarım kadar tasarımın etkililiğini arttıracak veya azaltacak etkenlerin belirlenip gerekli düzenlemelerin yapılması da önemlidir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada var olan bilgi birikiminden yararlanılarak dünyada ve Türkiye’de dış mekanlar ve dış mekan oyunlarına ilişkin çalışmaların sentezlenmesi amaçlanmış ve bu sentez doğrultusunda gerek tasarımcılara gerekse araştırmacı ve uygulayıcılara rehber olması düşünülen birtakım temel ilkeler ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Erken çocukluk eğitimi, dış mekan tasarımı, dış mekan oyunları, serbest parçalar

A Synthesizing Study on Outdoor Environments of Early Childhood Institutions: Design and Evaluation

The significance of play in early childhood is widely acknowledged depending on many empirical kinds of research. However, the play has been perceived as an activity that only occurs indoors till last years. That is the reason why all the arrangements and criteria for play supportive environments were presented for indoor learning environments. As a natural result of this case, the studies investigating outdoor environments and outdoor play presented many dramatic results. To illustrate, the studies put forward that outdoor environments became play environments that include fixed play equipment supporting only psychomotor development and lacking loose parts which allow children to use them creatively depending on their needs and interests. Thus, outdoor environments should be designed in a way that enable children to play different types of play including constructive and dramatic play, games with rules, associative and cooperative play. Yet, as much as the design of the outdoor environment, it is important to determine the factors, which decrease or increase the effectiveness of the design of the outdoor environment, and to make essential arrangements about them. That is the reason why, under the head of current knowledge, this study aimed to synthesize the conducted studies about outdoor play and the outdoor environment. Depending on this synthesize, several major principles were presented for both designers of outdoor environments, researchers and practitioners in the field of early childhood education.

Keywords:

Design of outdoor environments, outdoor play, loose parts,

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