Tarihçesi ve Bugünü İle Birleşik Krallık Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin Esasları

Oldukça köklü bir geçmişe sahip olan Birleşik Krallık sosyal güvenlik sistemi 14. yüzyıldan itibaren yoksullukla mücadele şeklinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Konuya ilişkin çeşitli yasalarla devlet, yoksulluğun önlenmesinde önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. Birleşik Krallık sosyal güvenlik sistemi 20. yüzyılın ortalarında Beveridge raporundan da yararlanarak özgün halini almış; ancak bu sistem günümüzde de halen süren bir değişim ve dönüşümün muhatabı olmuştur. 1980’lere kadar yapılan irili ufaklı değişiklikler, Muhafazakâr Parti’nin on sekiz yıllık iktidarı boyunca yeni bir seyir izlemiş ve sistemin özelleştirilmesi yönünde çeşitli girişimlere rastlanmıştır. 1990’lı yıllar, yapısıyla oynanan sistemin hatalı veya eksik politikalarını düzeltme dönemi olmuştur. 1997 yılında iktidara gelen İşçi Partisi hükümetiyle sosyal güvenlik sisteminin değişimi yeni bir ivme kazanmış; üçüncü yol anlayışıyla sosyal güvenliğe ilişkin reform hareketleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bugün itibariyle Birleşik Krallık sosyal güvenlik sistemi primli sistem, primsiz sistem ve sağlık hizmetleri olmak üzere üç ana koldan faaliyet göstermektedir. Primli ve primsiz sistem kapsamında yapılan ödemeler ve yardımlar yaşlılık, malullük, ölüm, hastalık, analık, iş kazası ve işsizlik riskleri bakımından şekillenmektedir. Aile yardımları ise tamamen primsiz rejim uygulaması ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Zamanla kısmi özelleştirme hamlelerine muhatap olan sağlık hizmetleri ise genel olarak vergilerle finanse edilmekte ve bu kapsamda sağlanan hizmetler iki basamaklı olarak gerçekleştirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Beveridge raporu, sosyal yardım, sosyal sigorta, temel emeklilik, ikinci emeklilik, yeni sağ, üçüncü yol

United Kingdom’s social security system has a long-standing background has shaped like struggle against poverty from 14th century. The government has taken an important part in the struggle with numerous laws concerning to the subject. United Kingdom’s social security system has taken on its original style in accordance with Beveridge report in 20th century but this system has also been the object of changes and conversions at the present time. The large and small changes which has been done well into 1980s have followed a new course along the Conservative Party’s eighteen-year government and it has been come across with various attempts to privatize the system. The 1990s has been an amendment period of the modified system’s lacking and missing aspects. The social security system conversation has gained a new acceleration with New Labour Party in 1997 and the government has made a reform with the thought that third way. At the present time United Kingdom’s social security system consists of three main part: social insurance, non-contributory system and health care services. Payments and assistances as part of the non-contributory system and social insurance are paid for old age, disability, survivors, sickness, maternity, work injury and unemployment risks. Family assistances are implemented completely by non-contributory system. Health care services which has been faced with partial privatization in time are generally financed with taxes and health care services are fulfilled by primary health care and secondary care.

Keywords:

Beveridge report, means-tested benefit, social insurance, state pension, state second pension, new right, third way,

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