Kültür mantarlarında görülen virüs hastalıkları

Dünyanın her yerinde değişik mantar türleri yetiştirilmektedir. Dünyada 200 yenilebilir mantar türünden ancak 25'i kültüre alınmış ve insan beslenmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) imbach (beyaz şapkalı kültür mantarı) yaklaşık % 32'lik bir oranla dünyada en çok kültürü yapılan mantar türüdür. Kültürü yapılan diğer mantar türleri de sırasıyla şu şekilde sıralanmaktadır: Lentinus edodes (meşe mantarı), Pleurotus türleri (kayın, kavak veya istiridye mantarları), Volvariella voîvacea (saman mantarı), Auricularia türleri (ağaç kulağı veya Yahudi kulağı mantarı), Flamminula velutipes (inci mantarı), Tremelîa fuciformis (jöle mantarı) ve Pholiota nameko (nameko mantarı). Kültür mantarlarında ciddî verim kayıplarına yol açan pek çok hastalık etmeni ve zararlı bulunmaktadır. Virüs hastalıkları kültür mantarlarının en ciddi hastalık etmenlerinden biridir. Bu virüsler yavaş ve anormal misel gelişimi, verim düşüklüğü ve şapkalarda şekil bozukluğu belirtilerini de içeren pek çok hastalık belirtilerine yol açmaktadır. Kültür mantarlarında görülen virüs hastalıkları Türkiye de dahil olmak üzere mantarcılığın yapıldığı hemen hemen tüm ülkelerde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada dünyada en çok üretilen kültür mantarı olmasından dolayı beyaz şapkalı kültür mantarı {Agaricus bisporus) üzerinde görülen virüs hastalıkları üzerinde ağırlıklı olarak durulmuştur.

Virus diseases on cultivated mushrooms

The cultivation of various species of mushrooms have been carried out throughout the world. Worldwide there are 200 edible fungi of which only 25 species are widely accepted as human food and are cultivated. However, Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach (white button mushroom) is the most widely cultivated species of cultivated mushrooms comprising about 32% of world production. Other cultivated mushrooms are in descending order: Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom), Pleurotus spp. (oyster mushrooms), Volvariella volvacea (straw mushroom), Auricularia spp. (wood ear or Jew's ear mushroom), Flamminula velutipes (velvet foot, velvet stem or enokitake mushroom), Tremella fuciformis (white jelly or silver ear mushroom) and Pholiota nameko (nameko mushroom). Cultivated mushrooms are subject to a range of disease agents and pests which have the capacity to cause serious crop losses. Virus diseases are among the most serious infectious disorders of the cultivated mushrooms. Numerous symptoms have been ascribed to diseases including slow and aberrant mycelial growth, reduced yield, and development of sporophores that are misshapen. Virus diseases occur in most mushroom growing countries including Turkey. This paper focuses on virus diseases of Agaricus bisporus since it is most widely cultivated mushroom in the world.

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