Naci DİLEKLİ, Necati ANAZ, Bruno Ferreira DA PAIXÃO

2019 İSTANBUL BÜYÜKŞEHİR SEÇİMLERİNDE ADAYLARIN SOSYAL MEDYA KULLANIMI

Bu çalışma, çokça tartışılan ve tekrarı yapılan 2019 İstanbul belediye seçimlerinin iki adayı Binali Yıldırım ve Ekrem İmamoğlu'nun Aralık 2018'den Haziran 2019'a kadar Facebook ve Twitter üzerinden yürüttükleri seçim kampanyalarını ve sosyal medya kullanımlarını analiz etmektedir. Verilerin elde edilmesi için sosyal medya analitik teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, sosyal medyanın doğasını ve Türk siyaset konteksini de dikkate alarak dört araştırma sorusu üzerine kurgulanmıştır ve sosyal medya kullanım düzeyi ile seçimde başarılı olma arasındaki bağın anlaşılması hedeflenmiştir. Adaylar birbirlerine yakın miktarda oy almalarına rağmen, İmamoğlu’nun her iki platformda da seçmenlerle iletişimi bakımından bu seçimlerin açık ara kazananı olduğu gözlenmiştir. Seküler tabanın daha geniş sosyal medya kullanımını göz önüne alarak İmamoğlu'nun genel olarak pozitif kampanya yürüttüğü tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, İmamoğlu'nun uzun bir süre AKP'ye karşı başarısız olan muhalif siyaseti de etrafında toparladığı gözlemlenmiştir.

SOCIAL MEDIA USE BY ISTANBUL MAYORAL CANDIDATES IN TWO SUBSEQUENT 2019 ELECTIONS

We analyzed Facebook and Twitter engagements by Binali Yıldırım and Ekrem İmamoğlu, the two main candidates in the 2019 Istanbul mayoral election, spanning from December 2018 to the end of June 2019 due to the fact that the original elections were disputed and repeated. Social media analytics were used to obtain the data used in the study. We put forward four research questions that draw on the nature of social media as well as the unique Turkish political context. We rely on the discussion these questions for the bulk of our analysis. While the candidates received comparable number of votes, İmamoğlu was the clear champion of engagements on both platforms. We also observe that İmamoğlu embraced a positive campaign and the secular base already had a wider presence in social media. İmamoğlu was able to galvanize the opposition who was accustomed to being defeated by the governing AKP.

PDF

___

Akgül, Mustafa and Melih Kırlıdoğ (2015), “Internet Censorship in Turkey”, Internet Policy Review, 4 (2): 1–21.
Akgündüz, Yusuf Emre, Marcel van den Berg and Wolter Hassink (2018), “The Impact of Refugee Crises on Host Labor Markets: The Case of the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Turkey”, IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc, 32 (1): 19–40.
Akser, Murat (2018), “News Media Consolidation and Censorship in Turkey: From Liberal Ideals to Corporatist Realities”, Mediterranean Quarterly, 29 (3): 78–97.
Alsup, Blake (2019), “Twitter Co-Founder: Donald Trump Is a ‘Master of the Platform.’”, https://www.bostonherald.com/2019/05/23/twitter-co-founder-donald-trump-is-a-master-of-the-platform/ (26.07.2019)
Altaylı, Fatih (2019), “YSK Teoremi: Tam Ama Üçte Bir”, https://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/fatih-altayli-1001/2454022-ysk-teoremi-tam-ama-ucte-bir (09.05.2019).
Ataman, Bora and Barış Çoban (2018), “Counter-Surveillance and Alternative New Media in Turkey”, Information Communication and Society, 21 (7): 1014–1029.
Barbaro, M. (2015), “Pithy, Mean and Powerful: How Donald Trump Mastered Twitter for 2016”, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/06/us/politics/donald-trump-twitter-use-campaign-2016.html (09.05.2019).
Barberá, Pablo, John T. Jost, Jonathan Nagler, Joshua A. Tucker and Richard Bonneau (2015), “Tweeting from Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber?”, Psychological Science, 26 (10): 1531-1542.
Bekkers, Eddy (2019), “Challenges to the Trade System: The Potential Impact of Changes in Future Trade Policy”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 41 (3): 489–506.
Blumler, Jay G. and Dennis Kavanagh (1999), “The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences and Features”, Political Communication, 16 (3): 209–230.
Boulianne, Shelley (2019), “Revolution in the Making? Social Media Effects across the Globe”, Information Communication and Society, 22 (1): 39–54.
Çakır, Ruşen (2019), “Ekrem İmamoğlu’nun Şansı Ne Kadar?”, https://medyascope.tv/2019/02/25/ekrem-imamoglunun-sansi-ne-kadar/ (19.05.2019).
Carlisle, Juliet E. and Robert C. Patton (2013), “Is Social Media Changing How We Understand Political Engagement? An Analysis of Facebook and the 2008 Presidential Election”, Political Research Quarterly, 66 (4): 883–895.
Çetin, Çimen (2017), “Metal Yorgunluğu’ Raporu Erdoğan’a Sunulacak”, https://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1593147-ak-parti-nin-metal-yorgunlugu-raporu-cumhurbaskani-recep-tayyip-erdogan-a-sunulacak (19.06.2019).
Citak, Ismail and Alasdair Sandford (2018), “Türk Lirası Krizinin Arkasında Ne Var?”, Euronews, https://tr.euronews.com/2018/08/13/turk-lirasi-krizinin-arkasinda-ne-var- (19.06.2019).
Confessore, Nicholas and Karen Yourish (2016), “$2 Billion Worth of Free Media for Donald Trump”, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/upshot/measuring-donald-trumps-mammoth-advantage-in-free-media.html (30.06.2019).
Demirtaş, Serkan (2019), “The Rise of Ekrem İmamoğlu as a New Generation Politician”, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/serkan-demirtas/the-rise-of-ekrem-imamoglu-as-a-new-generation-politician-142381 (15.06.2019).
Deutsche Welle (2019), “Yerel Seçimler: ‘İstanbul’u Kazanan, Türkiye’yi Kazanır.’”, https://www.dw.com/tr/yerel-seçimler-istanbulu-kazanan-türkiyeyi-kazanır/a-48087068 (19.05.2019).
Dilipak, Abdurrahman (2019), “Seçim Sonuçları Üzerine”, https://www.yeniakit.com.tr/yazarlar/abdurrahman-dilipak/secim-sonuclari-uzerine-28911.html (30.06.2019).
Dutta, Soumitra and Matthew Fraser (2008), “Barack Obama and the Facebook Election”, https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2008/11/19/barack-obama-and-the-facebook-election (12.05.2019).
Enli, Gunn (2017), “Twitter as Arena for the Authentic Outsider: Exploring the Social Media Campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US Presidential Election”, European Journal of Communication, 32 (1): 50–61.
Erkoc, Taptuk Emre (2019), “Islam and Economics in the Political Sphere: A Critical Evaluation of the AKP Era in Turkey”, Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea, 19 (1): 139–154.
Esen, Berk and Sebnem Gumuscu (2018), “Building a Competitive Authoritarian Regime: State–Business Relations in the AKP’s Turkey”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 20 (4): 349–372.
Euronews (2019), “CANLI | Ekrem İmamoğlu Seçim Zaferini Beylikdüzü’nde Kutluyor”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcEe6xlHoHM (15.08.2019).
Evrensel Gazetesi (2019), “Seçim Sonuçlarına Itiraz Edilen Il ve Ilçelerde Son Durum”, https://www.evrensel.net/haber/376807/secim-sonuclarina-itiraz-edilen-il-ve-ilcelerde-son-durum (19.06.2019).
Facebook Inc. (2015), “Graph API”, https://developers.facebook.com/docs/graph-api (15.07.2019).
Facebook Inc. (2019), “Facebook Audience Insights (Istanbul)”, https://www.facebook.com/ads/audience-insights (29.07.2019).
Gökarıksel, Banu and Anna J. Secor (2018), “Affective Geopolitics: Anxiety, Pain, and Ethics in the Encounter with Syrian Refugees in Turkey”, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 38 (7–8): 1237–1255.
González, Roberto J. (2017), “Hacking the Citizenry?: Personality Profiling, ‘Big Data’ and the Election of Donald Trump”, Anthropology Today, 33 (3): 9–12.
Gumrukcu, Tuvan, Orhan Coskun and Jonathan Spicer (2019), “New Istanbul Mayor’s Star Power Could Be a Challenge for Erdogan”, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-election-imamoglu-analysis/new-istanbul-mayors-star-power-could-be-a-challenge-for-erdogan-idUSKCN1TQ1ZW (29.07.2019).
Haciyakupoglu, Gulizar and Weiyu Zhang (2015), “Social Media and Trust during the Gezi Protests in Turkey”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20 (4): 450–466.
Haenschen, Katherine and Jay Jennings (2019), “Mobilizing Millennial Voters with Targeted Internet Advertisements: A Field Experiment”, Political Communication 36 (3): 357–375.
Howard, Philip N. and Muzammil M. Hussain (2013), Democracy’s Fourth Wave? (New York, NY: Oxford University Press).
Hurriyet (2014), “Erdoğan: ‘Twitter, Mwitter Kökünü Kazıyacağız.’”, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/erdogan-twitter-mwitter-kokunu-kaziyacagiz-26050109 (19.06.2019).
Al Jazeera (2014), “‘İstanbul’u Alan Türkiye’yi Alır.’”, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber-analiz/istanbulu-alan-turkiyeyi-alir (06.07.2019).
Karatepe, Yalçın (2019), “İşsizlik Bir Yılda Yüzde 7,5 Arttı, Türkiye’de Her Dört Gençten Biri Işsiz”, https://tr.euronews.com/2019/06/17/issizlik-bir-yilda-yuzde-7-bucuk-artti-turkiye-de-dort-gencten-biri-mart-ayi-istihdam (18.08.2019).
Karlsen, Rune (2011), “A Platform for Individualized Campaigning? Social Media and Parliamentary Candidates in the 2009 Norwegian Election Campaign”, Policy & Internet, 3 (4): 1–25.
Keyman, E. Fuat (2014), “The AK Party: Dominant Party, New Turkey and Polarization”, Insight Turkey, 16 (2): 9–31.
Kibaroğlu, M. (2019), “On Turkey’s Missile Defense Strategy: The Four Faces of the S-400 Deal between Turkey and Russia”, http://sam.gov.tr/pdf/sam-papers/SAM-Papers-No.-16.pdf (18.08.2019).
Kirişci, Kemal and Amanda Sloat (2019), “Foreign Policy The Rise and Fall of Liberal Democracy in Turkey: Implications for the West”, https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-rise-and-fall-of-liberal-democracy-in-turkey-implications-for-the-west/(18.08.2019).
Liu, Stephanie Q. and Anna S. Mattila (2017), “Airbnb: Online Targeted Advertising, Sense of Power, and Consumer Decisions”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 60: 33–41.
Parkingson, Hannah Jane (2015), “Can Donald Trump’s Social Media Genius Take Him All the Way to the White House?”, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/23/donald-trump-social-media-strategy-internet-republican-nomination-president (19.06.2019).
Parkinson, J., S. Schechner and E. Peker (2014), “Turkey’s Erdogan: One of the World’s Most Determined Internet Censors”, https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkeys-erdogan-one-of-the-worlds-most-determined-internet-censors-1398995723 (13.06.2019).
Parks, Lisa, Hannah Goodwin and Lisa Han (2017), “‘I Have the Government in My Pocket…’: Social Media Users in Turkey, Transmit-Trap Dynamics, and Struggles Over Internet Freedom”, Communication, Culture and Critique, 10 (4): 574–592.
Persily, Nathaniel (2017), “The 2016 US Election: Can Democracy Survive the Internet?”, Journal of Democracy, 28 (2): 63–76.
Polat, Rabia Karakaya (2018), “Religious Solidarity, Historical Mission and Moral Superiority: Construction of External and Internal ‘Others’ in AKP’s Discourses on Syrian Refugees in Turkey”, Critical Discourse Studies, 15 (5): 500–516.
Poushter, Jacob, Caldwell Bishop and Hanyu Chwe (2019), “Global Attitutes & Trends Social Network Adoption Varies Widely by Country”, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/06/19/3-social-network-adoption-varies-widely-by-country/ (12.08.2019).
Rao, Sujata and Dhara Ranasinghe (2018), “Tide about to Turn for Markets as Easy-Money Decade Ends”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-markets-cbanks-analysis-idUSKBN1L11H9 (25.06.2019)
Şahin, Halil (2019), “Yurt Genelinde Seçim Sonuçlarına Yapılan Itirazlar”, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/yurt-genelinde-secim-sonuclarina-yapilan-itirazlar/1440603 (12.06.2019).
Şahin, Uğur (2016), “CHP, Seçmeninin ‘Parti Sağa Kayıyor’ Endişesini Gidermeli”, https://www.birgun.net/haber/chp-secmeninin-parti-saga-kayiyor-endisesini-gidermeli-138498 (12.06.2019).
Strandberg, Kim (2013), “A Social Media Revolution or Just a Case of History Repeating Itself? The Use of Social Media in the 2011 Finnish Parliamentary Elections”, New Media and Society, 15 (8): 1329–1347.
Twitter (2018), “Twitter Transparency Report”, https://transparency.twitter.com/en.html (15.07.2019).
Twitter Inc. (2019), “Developer Docs”, https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs.html (28.07.2019).
Wald, Ellen R (2018), “Turkey & Iran: Energy, Economy, and Politics in the Face of Sanctions”, http://turkishpolicy.com/article/940/turkey-iran-energy-economy-and-politics-in-the-face-of-sanctions (19.06.2019).
We Are Social (2019), “Digital 2019 Turkey (January 2019) V01”, https://wearesocial.com/global-digital-report-2019 (19.06.2019).
Wells, Chris, Dhavan V. Shah, Jon C. Pevehouse, JungHwan Yang, Ayellet Pelled, Frederick Boehm, Josephine Lukito, Shreenita Ghosh and Jessica L. Schmidt (2016), “How Trump Drove Coverage to the Nomination: Hybrid Media Campaigning”, Political Communication, 33 (4): 669–676.
Williams, Christine B. and Girish J.Jeff Gulati (2013), “Social Networks in Political Campaigns: Facebook and the Congressional Elections of 2006 and 2008”, New Media and Society, 15 (1): 52–71.
Wolfsfeld, Gadi, Elad Segev and Tamir Sheafer (2013), “Social Media and the Arab Spring: Politics Comes First”, International Journal of Press/Politics, 18 (2): 115–137.
Yeni Asır (2014), “Kılıçdaroğlu’ndan ‘CHP Sağa Kayıyor’ Eleştirilerine Yanıt”, https://www.yeniasir.com.tr/politika/2014/04/19/kilicdaroglundan-chp-saga-kayiyor-elestirilerine-yanit (30.05.2019).
Yeşil, Bilge (2018), “Authoritarian Turn or Continuity? Governance of Media through Capture and Discipline in the AKP Era”, South European Society and Politics, 23 (2): 239–257.
Yilmaz, Ihsan (2017), “Polarization of Society and Radicalization of Turkish Citizens at Home and Abroad”, SSRN Electronic Journal, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3208006.
Zeyrek, Deniz (2019), “Ekrem İmamoğlu’nun Bağış Kampanyasında Kaç Lira Toplandı”, https://www.gazetedamga.com.tr/2019-yerel-secimleri/ekrem-imamoglu-nun-bagis-kampanyasinda-kac-lira-toplandi-h18002.html (19.06.2019).