Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti-Hindistan Sınır Sorunlarının Yerel, Bölgesel ve Küresel Faktörler Bağlamında Analizi Doğu Ladakh Örneği

Küresel güç mücadelesinde ağırlık merkezinin son yıllarda Asya-Pasifik’e kaymasıyla birlikte, 21. yüzyılın yükselen iki gücü olan Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC) ile Hindistan arasındaki rekabet de önemli ölçüde arttı. Hindistan’ın 1947’de İngiltere’den bağımsızlığını kazanması ile Çin’in Komünist bir Halk Cumhuriyeti olarak 1949’da kurulmasından günümüze dek aralarında süregelen sınır anlaşmazlıkları, iki ülke arasındaki ilişkiyi belirleyen en önemli konuların başında gelmektedir. İki ülkenin de geçmişinde Batı’nın aşağılayıcı müdahalelerine maruz kalmış olmasının yanında bu dönemde uluslararası siyasete hâkim olan iki kutupluluğun dünya barışına hizmet etmeyeceğine olan ortak inançları dünya barışı için alternatif bir oluşum olan Bağlantısızlık Hareketine katılmalarını sağladı. Dolayısıyla bu iki neden ve her iki ülkenin de ulus-devlet oluşumunun erken aşamalarında olması, kuruluşlarının ilk on yılında birbirlerine karşı idealist yaklaşımlar benimsemelerini sağladı. Ancak çok geçmeden her iki ülkenin de materyal kapasitelerini arttırmasıyla birlikte çatışmaya başlayan ulusal çıkarları, Asya idealizminin altını oymaya başladı. Netice itibariyle 1962 gibi erken bir dönemde sıcak çatışmaya girerek Asya idealizmini bir kenara bırakıp ulus devlet realizmini benimsemiş oldular. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma 21. yüzyılın yükselen iki gücü arasındaki en sorunlu alanlardan biri olan sınır anlaşmazlıklarının süreç içerisindeki evrimini ve bunun iki ülkenin dış politika vizyonlarının değişimleri üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Bu analizde neoklasik realizm teorik bir çerçeve olarak rehberlik ederken ÇHC ve Hindistan arasındaki sınır sorunlarının yerel, bölgesel ve küresel yönlerini ve bunların iki ülkenin dış politikası üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak için süreç izleme yöntemi kullanılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, Hindistan, bölgesel rekabet, sınır sorunları, Doğu Ladakh ihtilafı

Analysis of the People’s Republic of China-India Border Disputes in the Context of Local, Regional and Global Factors: The Case of Eastern Ladakh

As the center of gravity in the global power struggle has shifted to the Asia-Pacific in recent years, the rivalry between the two rising powers of the 21st century, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and India, has increased significantly. Since India's independence from Britain in 1947 and China's establishment as a Communist People's Republic in 1949, border disputes have been one of the most important issues that have characterized the relationship between the two countries. The fact that both countries had been subjected to humiliating interventions by the West, as well as their common belief that the bipolarity that dominated international politics during this period would not serve world peace, led them to join the Non-Aligned Movement, an alternative organization for world peace. Therefore, these two reasons and the fact that both countries were in the early stages of nation-state formation led them to adopt idealistic approaches towards each other in the first decade of their establishment. Soon, however, as both countries increased their material capacities, their conflicting national interests began to undermine Asian idealism. As a result, by engaging in hot conflict as early as 1962, they abandoned Asian idealism and adopted nation-state realism. In this context, this study attempts to reveal the evolution of border disputes, one of the most problematic areas between the two rising powers of the 21st century, and its impact on the changes in the foreign policy visions of the two countries. For this analysis, neoclassical realism will guide us as a theoretical framework. The process tracing method will be used to understand the local, regional and global aspects of the border issues between China and India and their impact on the foreign policy of the two countries.

Keywords:

People’s Republic of China, India, regional rivalry, border issues, East Ladakh conflict,

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