Siyasi kurumlar ve uluslararası faktörler teorileri ekseninde Macaristan ve Polonya demokrasileri

Günümüzde pek çok ülke insan hakları, hukukun üstünlüğü, serbest ve adil seçimler ve çoğulculuk gibi demokratik değerleri kısıtlayan yasal ve idari girişimlerde bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda liberal demokrasi uzun yıllardır küresel ölçekte gerileme içindedir. Bu durum demokratik gerilemenin ampirik olarak tespit edilmesini ve nedenlerinin araştırılmasını teşvik etmektedir. Avrupa Birliği demokratik değerleri Birlik içinde yasal norm olarak kabul etmesine rağmen birden fazla üyesi hakkında liberal demokratik değerleri zayıflattıkları yönünde tartışmalar yürütülmektedir. Söz konusu üyelerden ikisi Macaristan ve Polonya olup iki ülke de anti demokratik uygulamaları nedeniyle eleştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada da Macaristan ve Polonya demokrasilerinin gerileme içinde oldukları ampirik veriler ile ortaya konulmakta ve bunun nedenleri siyasal kurumlar ve uluslararası faktörler teorileri çerçevesinde açıklanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Avrupa Birliği, demokratik gerileme, Macaristan, Polonya

Democracies of Hungary and Poland within the framework of political institutions and international factors theories

Many countries take legal and administrative initiatives that restrict democratic values such as human rights, the rule of law, free and fair elections, and pluralism at the present time. In this context, democracy has been in global backsliding for many years. This encourages the empirical identification of democratic backsliding and the investigation of its causes. Although the European Union accepts democratic values as the legal norm within the Union, there are discussions about more than one of its members that they are in democratic backsliding. Two of the said members are Hungary and Poland, and they are criticized for their anti-democratic practices both within the Union and internationally. In this study, it is revealed with empirical data that Hungary and Poland are in democratic backsliding and the reasons for this are explained within the framework of political institutions and international factors theories.

Keywords:

Hungary, Poland, democratic backsliding, European Union,

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