Ümit AYDINOĞLU

9631

Doğu Dağlık Kilikia’daki Kırsal Yerleşimlerde Peristyl Avlulu Konutlar

-

Houses with Peristyles in the Rural Settlements of Eastern Rough Cilicia

The surface research on rural settlements and urbanization we have been conducting in the eastern part of the Rough Cilicia region has yielded much evidence pertaining to houses with peristyles. We observed that these dwellings are often common to the rural settlements of Eastern Rough Cilicia. This study aims to evaluate collectively houses with peristyles identified in the rural settlements of the area and to examine the characteristics they have in common. Hence, the possible existence of a unique housing type designed specifically for the region and the conditions of the rural area will be discussed. The data at hand indicates that houses with peristyles in the area were used as farm villas during the Roman period. However, it appears that these dwellings were in use throughout various periods in the rural parts of the region. Significant differences in terms of function and layout have been identified between the houses with peristyles from the Roman period and their counterparts from Late Antiquity. Therefore, this study also aims to investigate when the housing typology with peristyles entered the region and how it evolved over time. The study will also address how this example of urban architecture was adapted to rural purposes and what sort of transformation it underwent throughout different periods. The obtained data indicates that houses with peristyles were widespread in the rural areas of Eastern Rough Cilicia region during the Roman period. These are large buildings of which similar examples are encountered in farm settlements. Comprised of a row of columns surrounding an open, central courtyard and units around it, this dwelling typology should be seen as the imprint of urban architecture in rural settlements and epitomizes landownership in these areas. The tradition also continues in Late Antiquity; however, the character and features of such dwellings change during this period. In the Roman examples of the region, three façades of the central courtyard surrounded by columns feature porticoes. Used as the entrance, the southern façade has none. In these dwellings, some in situ columns and architraves within the courtyard have been identified. The Doric columns are comprised of one or two drums, and the capital is added as a separate piece. In some examples, corner columns are built as rectangular blocks. All of the capitals feature a square abacus and a convex echinus. A portion of the architraves on the columns have been preserved. They are unadorned, and in all the examples they feature two or three fascias and end with an outward-projecting profile. The houses feature a single line of wall comprised of large rectangular ashlars. The high walls and tower of the house in Demircili Sivrikale suggest the presence of a well-protected farmhouse. In such examples, the residential and storage buildings, as well as a central courtyard are located within the walls. Olive oil workshops and manufactories have been identified around the dwellings. Examples in the region have been used as farmhouses. Furthermore, houses with peristyles are accompanied by mausoleums. Evidently, houses with peristyles have also impacted the organization of rural settlements. It is observed that the farms in the region were in perpetual use throughout different periods and some of the buildings within have been added based on need in subsequent periods, evolving around the farmhouse at their center. Houses with peristyles dated to Late Antiquity in the same region are relatively smaller; as distinct from their Roman counterparts, they have lost their symbolic significance and become one of the rural housing typologies within the settlement. Historical and archaeological remains provide information about the periods in which houses with peristyles emerged in the Eastern Rough Cilicia region. The increasing and continued presence of rural settlements during the Roman period has been identified in the region. Archaeological remains attest to the presence of a period of production that increasingly grew as of the late-2nd-early 3rd centuries A.D. The construction of architectural elements of an urban fabric such as aqueducts, temples, monumental gates, fountains and cemeteries, and colonnaded avenues in the cities of the region during this period implies that the Roman influence culminated in architectural forms in these cities. The Roman influence is also felt in the rural areas: they are made part of the production process and evidence of rural settlements multiply in this age. With the expansion of urban life, farms in particular became an indispensable part of economic life. During this period, new buildings bearing traces of urban architecture were constructed in rural areas; elements such as monumental gates and tombs were frequently employed. It appears that houses with peristyles highlighted in this study were also in use during the aforementioned period of construction and development in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. Sarcophagi identified alongside the dwellings support this view. Houses with peristyles from Late Antiquity in the region are relatively smaller in size and have either been modified from buildings of an earlier period or have assumed their place as one of the rural housing typologies among the settlements in the region.
PDF

___

  • Zeyrek 2002 T. H. Zeyrek, Perge Doğu Konut Alanı 1989-98 Kazılarında Ortaya Çıkarılan Evler (İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 2002).
  • Vandeput – Köse 2002 L. Vandeput – V. Köse, “Pisidia Survey Project: Melli 2000”, AnatSt 52, 2002, 145-152.
  • Vandeput – Köse 2001 L. Vandeput – V. Köse, “The 1999 Pisidia Survey at Melli”, AnatSt 51, 2001, 133-145.
  • Waelkens 1987 M. Waelkens, “The Adoption of Roman building techniques in Roman Asia Minor”, bk.: S. Macready – F. H. Thomson (ed.), Roman Architecture in the Greek World (1987) 94-105.
  • Zeyrek 2005 T. H. Zeyrek, Anadolu Konut Mimarisinde Portikolu Avluların Gelişimi ve Değişimi, Mimari Açıdan Bir Değerlendirme (2005).
  • Varinlioğlu 2008 G. Varinlioğlu, Rural Landscape and Built Environment at the End of Antiquity: Limestone Villages of Southeastern Isauria (Pennsylvania Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 2008).
  • Tiryaki 1999 A. Tiryaki, Dağlık Kilikia’da Karakabaklı Bizans Yerleşiminin Ev Mimarisi (İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 1999).
  • Tate – Naccache 1990 G. Tate – A. Naccache, “La Village Antique de Deir Sunbul”, Melanges de L’Universite Saint-Joseph LI, 1990, 371-490.
  • Tate 1997 G. Tate, “The Syrian Countryside during the Roman Era”, bk.: S. Alcock (ed.) The Early Roman Empire in the East (1997) 55-69.
  • Söğüt 2005 B. Söğüt, “Tombs with monumental columns in the Olba Region”, Olba XI, 2005, 103-154.
  • Sayar 2004 M. H. Sayar, “Kilikya’da Epigrafi ve Tarihi-Coğrafya Araştırmaları 2002”, AST 21.1, 2004, 155-168.
  • Rostovtzeff 1957 M. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman World 2 (1957).
  • Özgenel 2007 L. Özgenel, “Late antique domestic architecture in Lycia: an outline of the archaeological and architectural evidence”, bk.: K. Dörtlük – B. Varkıvanç – T. Kahya. v.d. (ed.), III. Uluslararası Likya Sempozyumu, The IIIrd International Symposium on Lycia (2007) 557-572.
  • Mörel 2016 A. Mörel, Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi’nde Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Kültürlerarası Etkileşimin Arkeolojik Kanıtları (Mersin Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 2016).
  • Mörel 2014 A. Mörel, “Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesinde (Olba Territoriumu) Özköy Antik Yerleşimi: Tarımsal Organizasyon ve Yerleşim Düzenlemesi”, bk.: D. B. Erciyas – E. Sökmen (ed.), Arkeoloji’de Bölgesel Çalışmalar Sempozyum Bildirileri 4, İstanbul (2014) 147-171.
  • Mitchell 1999 S. Mitchell, “Geç Roma Anadolu’sunda Klasik Dönem kent ve yerleşmelerinin gelişimi”, bk.: Y. Sey (ed.) Tarihten Günümüze Anadolu’da Konut ve Yerleşme / Housing and Settlement in Anatolia- A Historical Perspective (1999) 193-205.
  • Mitchell 1995 S. Mitchell, Cremna in Pisidia. An Ancient City in Peace and War (1995).
  • Mitchell 1991 S. Mitchell, “Ariassos 1990”, AnatSt 41, 1991, 159-172.
  • Mattingly – Hitchner 1995 D. J. Mattingly – R. B. Hitchner, “Roman Africa: An Archaeological Review”, JRS 85, 1995, 165-213.
  • Matijašić 1982 R. Matijašić, “Roman Rural Architecture in the Territory of Colonia Iulia Pola”, AJA 86.1, 1982, 53-64.
  • Machatschek 1967 A. Machatschek, Die Nekropolen und Grabmäler im Gebiet von Elaiussa Sebaste und Korykos im Rauhen Kilikien (1967).
  • Keil – Wilhelm 1931 J. Keil – A. Wilhelm, Denkmäler aus dem Rauhen Kilikien. MAMA III (1931
  • Karydi 1988 E. W. Karydi, The Greek House; The rise of noble houses in Late Classical Times (1988).
  • Kaplan 2014 D. Kaplan, Doğu Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Detaylandırılmamış Korinth Başlıkları (2014).
  • Hitchner 1990 B. Hitchner, “The Kasserine Archaeological Survey 1987”, Antiquites Africaines 26, 1990, 231-260.
  • Hirschfeld 2006 Y. Hirschfeld, “Settlement of the Negev in the Byzantine Period in Light of the Survey at Horvat Sa’adon”, Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 24, 2006, 7-47.
  • Hirschfeld 1997b Y. Hirscfield, “Farms and villages in Byzantine”, DOP 51 (1997) 33-71.
  • Hirschfeld 1997 Y. Hirschfeld, “Jewish Rural Settlement in Judaea in the Early Roman Period”, bk.: S. E. Alcock (ed.), The Early Roman Empire in the East (1997) 72-88.
  • Hirschfeld 1995 Y. Hirschfeld, The Palestinian Dwelling in the Roman-Byzantine Period (1995).
  • Hill 1996 S. Hill, The Early Byzantine Churches of Cilicia and Isauria (1996).
  • Hild – Hellenkemper 1990 F. Hild – H. Hellenkemper, Kilikien und Isaurien, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5 (1990).
  • Hellenkemper – Hild 1986 H. Hellenkemper – F. Hild, Neue Forchungen in Isaurien und Kilikien (1986).
  • Heberdey – Wilhelm 1896 H. Heberdey – A. Wilhelm, Reisen in Kilikien. DenkschrWien, ÖAW phil.hist. Kl. 44 (1896).
  • Gürler 1987 B. Gürler, Anadolu’da Roma Dönemi Evleri (Ege Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 1987).
  • Galor 2003 K. Galor, “Domestic Architecture in Roman and Byzantine Galilee and Golan”, Near Eastern Archaeology (House and Home in the Southern Levant) 66. 1/2, 2003, 44-57.
  • Fentress 1998 E. Fentress, “The House of the Sicilian Greeks”, bk.: A. Frazer (ed.), The Roman Villa. Villa Urbana, Philadelphia (1998) 29-41.
  • Eyice 1999 S. Eyice, “Türkiye’de Bizans Dönemi Yerleşimi Hakkında Notlar”, bk.: Y. Sey (ed.) Tarihten Günümüze Anadolu’da Konut ve Yerleşme/Housing and Settlement in Anatolia – A Historical Perspective (1999) 206-220.
  • Eyice 1981 S. Eyice, “Einige Byzantinische Kleinstadte im Rauhen Kilikien”, Sonderdruck aus 150 Jahre Deutsches Archäologisches Institut 1829-1979 (1981) 204-209.
  • Er Scarborough 1991 Y. Er Scarborough, The Funerary Monuments of Cilicia Tracheia (Cornell Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 1991).
  • Ellis 2000 S. P. Ellis, Roman Housing (2000).
  • Eichner 2011 I. Eichner, Frühbyzantinische Wohnhauser in Kilikien, Baugeschichtliche Untersuchung zu den Wohnformen in der Region um Seleukeia am Kalykadnos (2011)
  • Efe 2013 F. Efe, Dağlık Kilikia/Isauria Bölgesi’nde Antik Dönem Konut Mimarisi (Mersin Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2013).
  • Durukan 2009 M. Durukan, “Chronology of the Tempel Tombs in Rough Cilicia”, bk.: M. Bachmann (ed.), Bautechnik im antiken und vorantiken Kleinasien, Byzas 9, 2009, 343-370.
  • Durugönül 2008 S. Durugönül, “Silifke Müzesinden Bir ‘Clipeata Imago’”, Olba XVI 2008, 193-205
  • Durugönül 1998 S. Durugönül, Türme und Siedlungen im Rauhen Kilikien, Eine Untersuchungen zu den archäologischen Hinterlassenschaften im Olbischen Territorium, AsiaMS Band 28 (1998).
  • Dodge 1987 H. Dodge, “Brick construction in Roman Greece and Asia Minor”, bk.: Macready – F. H. Thompson (ed.), Roman Architecture in the Greek World (1987) 106-116.
  • Dagron – Callot 1988 G. Dagron – O. Callot, “Les Batisseurs Isauriens chez eux: Notes sur Trois Sites des Environs de Silifke”, bk.: I. Sevcenko – I. Hutter (ed.), AETOS: Studies in honour of Cyril Mango (1988) 55-70.
  • Çakmak 2010 Ü. Çakmak, Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi’nde Karakabaklı Antik Yerleşimi: Arkeolojik Buluntular, Bölgesel Yerleşim Düzenlemesi ve Tarımsal Organizasyon Açısından İncelenmesi (Mersin Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2010).
  • Cormack 2004 S. Cormack, Space of the Death in Roman Asia Minor (2004).
  • Berns 2003 C. Berns, Untersuchungen zu den Grabbauten der frühen Kaiserzeit in Kleinasien, AsiaMS Band 51 (2003).
  • Barker vd. 1996 G. Barker – D. Gilbertson – B. Jones – D. Mattingly, Farming the Desert. The Unesco Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey (1996).
  • Aydınoğlu 2017 Ü. Aydınoğlu, “Doğu Dağlık Kilikia’da Kırsal Yerleşimlerde Kentsel Mimari”, bk.: Ü. Aydınoğlu – A. Mörel (ed.), Antik Dönem’de Akdeniz’de Kırsal ve Kent, Sempozyum Bildirileri, 4-7 Nisan 2017, Mersin (baskıda
  • Aydınoğlu 2014 Ü. Aydınoğlu, “Dağlık Kilikia’da Kentleşme ve Kırsal Yerleşimler Araştırması 2013”, Anmed 12, 2014, 163-167.
  • Aydınoğlu 2013 Ü. Aydınoğlu, “Dağlık Kilikia’da Kentleşme ve Kırsal Yerleşimler Araştırması 2012”, Anmed 11, 2013, 204-207.
  • Aydınoğlu 2013b Ü. Aydınoğlu, “Paslı: Dağlık Kilikia’da Bir Kırsal Yerleşimin Değişim Süreci”, Olba XXI, 2013, 71-100.
  • Aydınoğlu – Çakmak 2011 Ü. Aydınoğlu – Ü. Çakmak, “A Rural Settlement in the Rough Cilicia-Isauria Region: Karakabaklı”, Adalya XIV, 2011, 71-105.
  • Aydınoğlu 2010 Ü . Aydınoğlu, “ T h e F a r m s i n R o u g h C i l i c i a i n t h e R o m a n a n d E a r l y Byzantine Periods”, Adalya XIII, 2010, 243-282.
  • Aydınoğlu 2003 Ü. Aydınoğlu, “The Settlements Patterns of the Olbian Territory in Rough Cilicia in the Hellenistic Period”, Olba VIII, 2003, 251-263.
  • Aydın 1999 A. Aydın, “Die Kirche II in Emirzeli”, Olba II.2, 1999, 499-511.
  • Aşkın 2010 E. Aşkın, “Antik Çağda Korykos’taki Zeytinyağı ve Şarap Üretimine Yönelik Yapılanmalar ve Bunların Yerleşim Düzenlemesi İçerisindeki Yeri”, bk.: Ü. Aydınoğlu – A. K. Şenol (ed.), Olive Oil and Wine Production in Anatolia during the Antiquity, Proceeding of the Int. Semp. Mersin-Turkey, 06-08 November 2008 (2010) 33-52.
  • Aberle 2012 K. A. Aberle, Studies in the Urban Domestic Housing of Mid-Republican Sicily (ca. 211-70 BC): Aspects of Cross-Cultural Contact (British Columbia Üniversitesi Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi 2012).
ADALYA-Cover
  • ISSN: 1301-2746
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yıllık
  • Başlangıç: 1996
  • Yayıncı: Koç Üniversitesi AKMED (Suna & İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi)
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Kireçtaşı, Diyorit ve Radyolarit: Limyra (Güneybatı Türkiye) Buluntusu Pişmiş Toprak Objelerin İlk Petrografik Analizleri

Banu YENER-MARKSTEINER, Lisa PELOSCHEK, Martin SEYER, Philip BES

Bir Güzellik Nesnesi Olarak Cam Bilezikler: Demre/Myra Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Buluntuları (1989-2016)

Ebru FINDIK

Hans-Ulrich Wiblinger, Kyrenia, A Harbour Town of Cyprus, Edition Vividus (2016) Nekar Germany, 200 Pages. ISBN 978-3-9817501-0-2. A New Book about Kyrenia, The Harbour Town of Cyprus

Netice YILDIZ

Tlos (Seydikemer, Muğla) Kazılarında Ortaya Çıkartılan Orta Bizans Dönemi İskeletlerinde Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı

Derya ATAMTÜRK, İzzet DUYAR

Doğu Dağlık Kilikia’daki Kırsal Yerleşimlerde Peristyl Avlulu Konutlar

Ümit AYDINOĞLU